The Insect Races and their Characteristic Attributes.-

The Bee's place in the Animal Kingdom.-General ap-

pearance and peculiarities of the Worker, Drone, and

Queen.-Head of the Bee.-Wonderful Structure of its

Eyes.-The Ocelli, or Compound Eyes.-Stemmata, or

Simple Eyes.-Lessons conveyed by their examination.

CHAPTER III.

The Antennæ or Feelers of the Bee; their Structure, and

Anecdotes concerning their Employment. The remark-

able Masticating Apparatus; its Saw-like Jaws, Cutting

Blades, and exquisite Ligula or Tongue; their Uses.-

The Thorax or Chest.-The Legs: wonderful construc-

tion of the Bee's Hind-legs; the Pollen-basket and Pliers.

-How the Bee collects its Provender.-Wing of a Bee

and its Component Parts.-Curious contrivance for lock-

ing the Wings together.-Uses of the Wings.-The

Sting; its Barbs and Poison-bag.-Summary

CHAPTER IV.

Internal Anatomy of the Bee.-Organs of Digestion.-Gas-

tric Teeth.-Respiratory System.-Spiracles or Breath-

ing-holes, and Trachem or Air-tubes.-Their beautiful

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construction and distribution through the Body.-Nerv-

ous and Circulating Systems: their relative position in

the Bee.-Dorsal Vessel and Phenomena of Circulation.

-Nervous System.-Organs of Reproduction in the

Queen-bee. Ovaries, &c.-Method whereby the Eggs

are Fertilized, and remarkable power of Reproduction

in the Virgin Queen.-Sting.-Unity of Design in the

Bee's Structure

CHAPTER V.

page 50

The Man and the Bee.-The Bee and the Poets.-Consti-

tution of a Hive.-The Queen and her Duties.-The

Drones, are they Men about Town? Their Fate.-The

Workers.-Wax, its Composition and Uses.-Honey,

its Constituents; Adulteration, Detection by the Micro-

scope.-Kinds of Honey, Beverages made from it.—

Anecdotes concerning Poisoned Honey.-Bee-bread, its

appearance under the Microscope, &c.-Propolis, how

collected and employed; Kirby and Spence's (Huber's)

account of its Application.-How the Bees entombed a

dead Mouse and a living Snail with Propolis.-Nature

and Occupations of the Worker Bee.—Wax-makers and

Bee-nurses.-Construction of Cells.-Miraculous powers

attributed to the Bee in this respect.-Various Theories

concerning Hexagonal Form of Cells: comparison of

these Theories, and deductions.-The Honeycomb.-

Worker-, Drone-, and Queen-cells, and their Uses.-

The little Honey-gatherer, how she Fertilizes Plants.—

Has the Creator formed any Animal in vain ?—Life at

the Hive-gates.-Arrival and departure of Excursionists

and Traders.—A Peep inside.-Living Ventilators.—

The Bee and the Man again.-Internal Economy of the

Hive.-Apiarian Board of Health, and Burial Board.-

The Art of Fortification amongst the Bees.

CHAPTER VI.

The Queen. Her method of laying Eggs.-Wonderful

Phenomena accompanying the Instinctive Deposition of

65

the Eggs of Workers, Drones, and Queens in their re-

spective Cells.-Dzierzon's Discoveries and Theories.-

Siebold and Owen on the laying of Unfertilized Ova.——

Interesting Experiment by Huber, and Review of the

Theories of Dzierzon, Siebold, and Huber.-Partheno-

genesis, or Power of the Virgin Queen to produce Per-

fect Offspring. The Larva; its Organization.—Meta-

morphosis into the Pupa and Imago.-Operations of the

Nurse-bees during the Transformation.-Reflections on

the Development of the Bee and that of the Man.-

Operations of Workers after the Bees leave the Cells.—

Birth of Young Queen.-Unnatural Conduct of the

Parent.-Vogt's Interesting Account of a Combat be-

tween two Queens. - The Drones. Bee Courtship

and Matrimony.-Artificial Production of a Queen by

Workers.-Principle upon which they operate.-Sum-

mary

CHAPTER VII.

page 94

Various Definitions of Instinct.-Addison's Opinion; Dr.

Darwin's.-The Theory of Sensation.-Spence's Sum-

mary.-Dr. Carpenter's Views of Instinct and its Limits.

-Archbishop Tillotson's Exposition of the Instinctive

Moral Propensities of Man.-Comparison of these views;

Analysis of an Instinctive Action, illustrated by the

mode in which a Flesh-fly Oviposits; Summary and

Definition of Instinct.-Complicated Acts of Insects;

how they may be explained.-Difficulty of distinguish-

ing between Instinct and Reason.-Story of the Gold-

wasp and Mason-bee, and Comments upon the act per-

formed by the Bee.-Is there a definite Boundary-line

between Instinct and Reason ?-Necessity for the Study

of Comparative Psychology, or the Science of Mind in

Animals

117

CHAPTER VIII.

Vegetable Life.-Motile Plants.-Absence of Mental Pro-

perties in the Lowest Types of Animal Life.-Unity in

the Progressive Development of Mind and Body in the

Animal Kingdom.-Sensation the first indication of

Mind.-Psychical Properties of the Sea-Anemone.—The

Actinia and the Human Infant.-
.-"Animal" or "Na-

tural Instinct.”—-Its universality in the Animal Kingdom.

-The Insect Races: their Higher Psychical Powers;

Fitness of these for the uses of their various Organs,

Members, and Actions.-Necessity of the Higher Psy-

chical Powers of Insects.-The Bee.-Its Emotions.-

Experiment to prove the presence of its Feeling of

Anger.-Do Bees think?-Absence of Educability in

Instinct." Rational Instinct."-"Reason," or Intel-

ligence: its Relations to the Cerebrum.-Educability

and Design, or Conscious Motive, two of its Charac-

teristics. The two Crows and the Dog.-"Instinctive

Intelligence."-The Domesticated Animals and Man.—

Nature of the Dog.-Its Moral Worth; its Sense of

Duty.—Treatment of Domesticated Animals and Chil-

dren.-Attributes of Perfect Animals compared with

those of Imperfect Men.-Characteristics of Humanity,

the Analogues of the Nobler Traits in the Higher Ani-

mals. Tillotson's Views of the Moral Instincts of Man

confirmed by Comparative Psychology.-The Dog and

the Man.-Man and the Deity.-Summary of the Mental

Attributes of Animals.-Retrospect.-Are the Worm,

the Fly, and the Bee commonplace and uninteresting ?-

Which is the most indispensable ?-The care of the

Almighty for all His Works.-The various means em-

ployed by Him to attain similar ends.—His care of us.

-The Relation of the Humble Creatures to ourselves,

and our Relation to God.-Conclusion

•page 135

INDEX TO PLATES.

PL. I. FRONTISPIECE.

PL. II.

page 16

Fig. 1. Worker-bee: a, head; b, thorax; c, abdomen.
1, 2, 3, legs; 4, 5, wings; 6, antennæ;
7, sting.

Fig. 2. Queen-bee: a, b, c, head, thorax, and ab-
domen; o, sting.

Fig. 3. Drone: the letters as in fig. 2.

PL. III.

Fig. 1. Head of Worker-bee: a, a, compound eyes;
b, b, b, simple eyes; e, antennæ; d, closed

mandibles.

Fig. 2. Lateral view of abdomen.

Fig. 3. Ventral view of ditto.

Fig. 4. Gastric teeth of Worker.

PL. IV.

Fig. 1. Portion of compound eye of Bee: a, a, a, cor-
neal lenses; 71 and 12, their component
lenses; b, b, conical lenses; c, c, intermediate
spaces (diaphragm); d, d, d, pigmentum ni-
grum (dark colouring-matter for isolation of
lenses); e, e, e, expansions of optic nerves.

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