1. Votre belle-mère a-t-elle quelque chose à faire? 2. Elle n'a rien à faire. 3. A-t-elle deux pages à écrire? 4. Non, monsieur; elle n'en a qu'une. 5. Avez-vous l'intention de lire cette gazette? 6. Oui, madame; j'ai l'intention de la lire. 7. Avez-vous raison d'acheter un habit de velours? 8. J'ai raison d'en acheter un. 9. Votre petite fille a-t-elle besoin de dormir? 10. Oui, monsieur; elle a besoin de dormir, elle est fatiguée. 11. Avez-vous peur de tomber? 12. Je n'ai pas peur de tomber. 13. Le jardinier a-t-il le temps de travailler dans les champs? 14. Il n'a pas envie de travailler dans les champs. 15. Vos champs sont-ils aussi grands que les miens? 16. Ils sont plus grands que les vôtres. 17. Avez-vous honte de marcher? 18. Je n'ai pas honte de marcher, mais j'ai honte de danser. 19. Quel âge votre fils a-t-il ? 20. Il a seize ans. 21. Avons-nous le deux mars ou le cinq juin? 22. Nous avons le vingt-huit juillet. 23. Estil midi? 24. Nor, monsieur; il n'est pas encore midi, il n'est que onze' heures et demie. 25. Il est encore de bonne heure.

EXERCISE 40.

1. What has your brother-in-law to do? 2. He has letters to write. 3. Does he want to work? 4. Yes, sir; he wants to work. 5. Does he intend to read my book? 6. He does not intend to read your book, he has no time. 7. Is your sister ashamed to walk? 8. My sister is not ashamed to walk, but my brother is ashamed to dance. 9. Has your cousin any thing to say? 10. My cousin has nothing to say, she is afraid to speak (parler). 11. Is it late? 12. No, madam; it is not late, it is early. 13. Have you a wish to read my

1 No elision takes place before onze, onzième, &c.

sister's letter (f.)? 14. Have you the courage to go to the war? 15. 1 have not the courage to go to the war. 16. Is your sister right to buy a silk dress (f.)? 17. Yes, sir; she is right to buy one. 18. Does that child want to sleep? 19. No, sir; that child does not want to sleep, he is not tired. 20. Has your brother's gardener a wish to work in my garden? 21. He has a wish to work in (dans) mine. 22. How old is that child? 23. That child is ten years old. 24. What is the day of the month? 25. It is the ninth of March. 26. Are you afraid to walk? 27. I am not afraid to walk, but I am tired. 28. Have you time to read my brother's book? 29. I have time to read his book. 30. Has the joiner a wish to speak? 31. He has a wish to work and to read. 32. Is your son afraid of falling? 33. He is not afraid of falling, but he is afraid of working. 34. What o'clock is it? 35. It is twelve.

LEÇON XXII.

LESSON XXII.

AVOIR BESOIN, ETC.-ÊTRE FÂCHÉ, ETC.

1. The expressions, avoir besoin, to want; avoir soin, to take care; avoir honte, to be ashamed; avoir peur, to be afraid, require also the preposition de before a noun. Those idioms mean literally, to have need, to have care, etc.

Avez-vous besoin de votre frère ?
J'ai soin de mes effets.

Il a honte de sa conduite.

Elle a peur du chien.

Do you want your brother?
I take care of my things.

He is ashamed of his conduct.
She is afraid of the dog.

2. As these expressions require the preposition de before their object, they will, of course, require the same preposition before the pronoun representing that object.

J'ai besoin de vous.

J'ai soin de lui.

De qui avez-vous besoin?

De quoi a-t-elle besoin?

I want you.

I take care of him.
Whom do you want?
What does she want?

3. When the object is not a person, and has been mentioned before, the pronoun en takes the place of the preposition de, and that of the pronoun representing the object.

Avez-vous besoin de votre cheval?
J'en ai besoin.

Do you want your horse?
I want it.

4. The expressions, être fâché, to be sorry; être étonné, to be aston

ished; être content, to be satisfied, require the preposition de before a

5. Etre fâché, in the sense of to be angry, requires the preposition

6. For rules on the government of adjectives, see § 87, and following Sections.

RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES.

Avez-vous besoin de quelque chose? Do you want any thing?

1. Qui a besoin de pain? 2. Personne n'en a besoin. 3. N'avezvous pas besoin de votre domestique? 4. Oui, monsieur; j'ai besoin de lui.1 5. Votre jardinier a-t-il soin de votre jardin ?

The word en should be avoided, as much as possible, in relation to persons.

madame; il en a soin. 7. A-t-il bien soin de son vieux père? 8. Oui, monsieur; il a bien soin de lui. 9. Votre garçon a-t-il honte de sa conduite? 10. Oui, monsieur; il en a honte. 11. Avez-vous peur de ce cheval-ci ou de celui-là? 12. Je n'ai peur ni de celui-ci ni de celui-là. 13. Notre domestique a-t-il soin de vos effets? 14. Il en a bien soin. 15. Avez-vous peur de parler ou de lire? 16. Je n'ai peur ni de parler ni de lire. 17. Êtes-vous étonné de cette affaire ? 18. Je n'en suis pas étonné. 19. En êtes-vous fâché? 20. Oui, monsieur ; j'en suis bien fâché. 21. Avez-vous besoin de ce garçon? 22. Oui, madame; j'ai besoin de lui. 23. N'avez-vous pas besoin de son livre? 24. Je n'en ai pas besoin. 25. Avez-vous envie de travailler ou de lire? 26. Je n'ai envie ni de travailler ni de lire, j'ai envie de me reposer car je suis fatigué.

EXERCISE 42.

1. Do you want your servant? 2. Yes, sir; I want him. 3. Does your brother-in-law want you? 4. He wants me and my brother.' 5. Does he not want money? 6. He does not want money, he has enough. 7. Is your brother sorry for his conduct? 8. He is very sorry for his conduct, and very angry with you. 9. Does he take good (bien) care of his books? 10. He takes good care of them. 11. How many volumes has he? 12. He has more than you, he has more than twenty. 13. What does the young man want? 14. He wants his clothes. 15. Do you want to rest (vous reposer)? 16. Is not your brother astonished at this? 17. He is astonished at it. 18. Have you a wish to read your brother's books? 19. I have a wish to read them, but I have no time. 20. Have you time to work? 21. I have time to work, but I have no time to read. young brother take care of his things? 23. He takes them. 24. Is that little boy afraid of the dog? 25. He is not afraid of the dog, he is afraid of the horse. 26. Do you want bread ? 27. I do not want any. 28. Are you pleased with your brother's conduct? 29. I am pleased with it. 30. Has your brother a wish to read my book? 31. He has no desire to read your book, he is weary. 32. Is that young man angry with you, or with his friends? 33. He is neither angry with me nor with his friends. 34. Do you want my dictionary? 35. I want your dictionary and your brother's.

'Repeat the preposition de.

22. Does the good care of

LEÇON XXIII.

LESSON XXIII.

THE PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES. THE PRESENT OF

THE INDICATIVE.

1. If the ending or distinguishing characteristic of the conjugation of a verb, in the present of the infinitive, be removed, the part remaining will be the stem of the verb :—

1st Conj.
Chant-er

2d Conj.
Fin-ir

3d Conj. Rec-evoir

4th Conj.

Rend-re.

2. To that stem are added, in the different simple tenses of a regular verb, the terminations proper to the conjugation to which it belongs. [$ 60.]

6. The present of the indicative has but one form in French, therefore Je chante, may be rendered in English by, I sing, I do sing, or I am singing.

7. The plural of the present of the indicative may be formed from the participle present by changing ant into ons, ez, ent. Ex: Chantant, nous chantons; finissant, nous finissons; recevant, nous recevons; rendant, nous rendons.

1 See § 52, (1).