speech, 429.

Argument: purpose of, 138; use of
explanation in, 138; by stating ad-
vantages and disadvantages, 139; by
use of specific instances, 142; refu-
tation or indirect, 148; differs from
exposition, 326: clear thinking essen-
tial, 329; by inference, 349; from
cause, 352; from sign, 352; from
example, 354; from analogy, 355;
differs from persuasion, 363; with
persuasion, 366.
Argumentative themes, 72, 80, 84, 100,
105, 109, 116, 142, 144, 146, 149, 150,
165, 168, 169, 170, 329, 335, 339, 342,
350, 358, 362, 366, 369, 370, 372, 373,
375.

Arnold, 272, 427.

Arrangement: see coherence; in argu-
ment, 350 ff.; summary of, 357.
Attendant circumstances: argument
from, 354.

Authority appeals to in argument,

348.

Auxiliary verbs, 404.
Ayton, 135.

Browning, 17, 198.
Bryant, 46, 197, 210.
Budgell, 137.
Burke, 320.
Burns, 212.
Burroughs, 104, 142, 302, 356.
Byron, 205.

Cable, 226.
Camp, 125.
Capitals, 381 ff.
Cary, 211.
Case, 392.

Cause and effect: development of
paragraph by use of, 97; develop-
ment of composition by use of, 168;
use in exposition, 323; use in argu-
ment, 352.

Cautions and suggestions: use of fig-
ures of speech, 55; in debating, 149;
use of pronouns, 396; use of adjec-
tives, 401; use of verbs, 405; use of
adverbs, 416; prepositions, 417.
Character sketch, 24, 250, 281, 288.
Choice of words: 22; adapted to

simple, 131.

Clark, 69, 101, 311.

Classification, 309.

Clauses: 420-422; restrictive and non-
restrictive, 397.

Clearness, 11, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25, 26, 27,
30, 33, 35, 37, 42, 43, 45 ff., 51, 52, 58,
62, 64, 66, 67, 68, 73, 78, 81, 85, 89,
95, 100, 106, 124, 128, 129, 131, 132,
134, 142, 155, 231, 233, 297, 303, 319,
321.

Climax in narration, 18, 19, 271; in
argument, 357; as figure of speech,
430.

Coherence: definition, 154; in outline,
157; in composition, 158, 160, 168;
arrangement of details, 279; ar-
rangement of facts in exposition,
300; aided by outline, 304; in argu-
ment, 357; in sentences, 430.
Coleridge, 198, 206, 212.
Colon rules for, 386.
Colton, 242.

Comma rules for, 383.
Comparison: as an aid to formation
of images, 53 ff.; development of a
paragraph by, 95; definitions sup-
plemented by, 131; as a method of
developing a composition, 164; as
an aid in establishing fundamental
image, 224; as an aid to effective-
ness in description, 242; use in
exposition, 319; analogy, 355; of
adjectives, 400; of adverbs, 416.
Complete and incomplete verbs, 403.
Composition: kinds of, 113; general
principles of, 153.
Conclusion, 23.
Conjugation, 412.
Conjunctions, 418-420.
Connolly, 159.

Connor, 221, 246.

Constructions: of nouns, 394; of per-
sonal pronouns, 396; of relative pro-
nouns, 398; of adjectives, 401.
Contrast: development of a paragraph
by, 95; development of a composi-
tion by, 164; use in exposition, 319.
Conversation, 36, 269, 273.

Copeland-Rideout, 266.
Correction of themes, 22, 379.

Darwin, 333.

Dash: rules for, 387.

Debate: value of, 144; statement of
question, 145; necessity of belief,
145; order of presentation, 146;
cautions, 149.

Deductive reasoning: 336 ff.; errors of,
340.

Definition: by synonym, 129; by use
of simpler words, 131; definitions to
be supplemented, 131; first step in
exposition, 304; logical, 305; diffi-
culty in framing, 306; inexact, 307.
Description: Chapter VIII (see also
descriptive themes); defined, 219;
effectiveness in, 240; classes of ob-
jects frequently described-build-
ings, 244; natural features, 245;
sounds, 246; color, 248; animals,
248; plants, 249; persons, 250;—im-
pression of, 252; impression as pur-
pose of, 256; in narration, 287;
general description, 132.

Descriptive themes, 51, 94, 105, 134, 135,
162, 170, 224, 231, 233, 235, 238, 240,
243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 252, 262.
Details: selection of, 25; paragraph
developed by, 85; related in time-
order, 86; related with reference to
position in space, 89; used in general
description, 132; in general narra-
tion, 135; composition developed by
giving details in time-order, 158; by
giving details with reference to posi-
tion in space, 159; selection of, af-
fected by point of view, 226; selection
of essential, 233; selection and sub-
ordination of minor, 235; arrange-
ment of, 238; in narration, 278;
arrangement, 279; selection of facts
in exposition, 298; exposition by use
of, 321.

Dewey, 314.

Diction, 40, 62, 63, 124 ff., 131, 423, 430,
434.

Emphasis: 154, 157; in sentences, 430.
Enthymeme, 337.
Epic, 214,

Equivalents: for nouns, 395; for ad-
jectives, 402; for adverbs, 416.
Essentials of expression, 13.
Euphony, 31.
Evidence, 342.

Examples: use in exposition, 318;
argument from, 354 (see also spe-
cific instances).

Exclamation mark: rule for, 386.
Expediency: questions of, 140, 370.
Experience: ideas gained from, Chap-
ter I; relation to imagination, 29, 30;
impressions limited to, 258.
Exposition: Chapter X (see also ex-
pository themes); purpose of, 291;
importance of, 295; clear under-
standing necessary, 297; of terms,
129, 304; of propositions, 314; by
repetition, 316; by examples, 318;
by comparison and contrast, 319;
by obverse statements, 320; by de-
tails, 321; by cause and effect, 323;
by general description, 132; by
general narration, 135; by use of
specific instances, 142.
Expository themes, 62, 64, 84, 86, 97,
100, 102, 105, 109, 116, 118, 122, 128,
132, 134, 138, 165, 169, 170, 292, 295,
296, 298, 299, 303, 308, 313, 315, 317,
318, 320, 323, 324.
Expression: essentials of, 13.

Hawthorne, 45, 57, 83, 222, 224, 238.
Henry, 367.

Higginson and Channing, 99.
Hinman, 99.

History: writing of, 285.
Hoar, 71.

Holland, 210, 211, 259, 262.
Holmes, 65, 209, 212.
Howells, 254, 255, 258.
Hyperbole, 430.

Ideas: from experience, Chapter I;
from imagination, Chapter II; from
language, Chapter III; pleasure in
expressing, 11; sources of, 11; ad-
vantages of expressing ideas gained
from experience, 12; from imagina-
tion, 29; ideas from pictures, 37;
acquired through language, 45.
Images: making of, 45 ff.; complete
and incomplete, 48; reproduction
of, 51; other requirements to deter-
mine meaning, 58; fundamental,
221; union with impression, 259.