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4. Se fâcher, to be or become angry, requires the preposition contre or de before the noun or pronoun following it.

Se fâche-t-il contre votre frère?

Il se fâche contre lui.

Vous vous fâchez d'un rien.

Does he get angry with your brother?
He is angry with him.

You get angry at nothing.

5. Se réjouir, to rejoice, is followed by the preposition de.

Je me réjouis de votre bonheur. I rejoice at your happiness.

6. Se plaire [4. ir. see § 62,] to take pleasure, to delight in any thing, to like to be in a place, takes à before its object.

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1. Vous en allez-vous bientôt? 2. Je m'en vais la semaine prochaine. 3. Pourquoi vous en allez-vous? 4. Parce que je ne me

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plais pas ici. 5. Vous plaisez-vous mieux chez votre tante qu'ici ? 6. Je m'y plais mieux. 7. N'avez-vous pas tort de vous en aller si tôt ? 8. J'ai raison de m'en aller. 9. Ne vous réjouissez-vous pas des malheurs d'autrui? 10. Nous ne nous en réjouissons point. 11. Cet homme se fâche-t-il contre le jardinier? 12. Il se fâche contre lui, parce qu'il ne veut pas se dépêcher. 13. Se fâche-t-il bien souvent? 14. Il se fâche à tout moment, il se fâche d'un rien. 15. Ne vous dépêchez-vous jamais? 16. Je me dépêche toujours, quand j'ai quelque chose à faire. 17. Ne vous plaisez-vous pas à courir et à jouer? 18. Je me plais à jouer, et mon frère se plaît à lire. 19. Vous réjouissez-vous de l'arrivée de l'ambassadeur turc ? 20. Je m'en réjouis. 21. Ne vous plaisez-vous pas en Amérique? 22. Je m'y plais beaucoup mieux qu'en France. 23. Votre écolier ne se plaît-il pas chez vous? 24. Il se plaît chez moi, mais il désire retourner chez son père. 25. Dépêchez-vous, il est déjà midi.

EXERCISE 78.

1. At what hour does your friend go away? 2. He goes away every morning at nine o'clock. 3. Do you go away with (avec) him? 4. I go away with him, when I have time. 5. Will you make haste to finish your letter? 6. I make haste to finish it. 7. Does the gardener get angry with his brother? 8. He gets angry with him, when he does not make haste. 9. Make haste my friend, it is ten o'clock. 10. Why do you not make haste? 11. I like to play, but I do not like to study. 12. Do you like to stay at my house? 13. I like to stay there. 14. Do you rejoice at the arrival of your mother? 15. I rejoice at it. 16. Is not your brother wrong to go away so soon? 17 He is right to go away, he has much to do at home. 18. Do you rejoice at other people's misfortunes? 19. I do not rejoice at them. 20. I rejoice at your success. 21. Does not your brother draw near the fire? 22. He goes from the fire, he is too warm. 23. Does that young lady get angry with you? 24. She gets angry at trifles (de rien). 25. Do you like to be in Paris? 26. I like to be there. 27. Can you do without me to-day? 28. We cannot do without you; make haste to finish your work (ouvrage). 29. Do you want your penknife? 30. I want to use it. 31. Make haste to rise, it is six o'clock. 32. Is it fine weather? 33. No, sir; it rains. 34. Is your father well this morning? 35. Yes, sir; he is very well.

LEÇON XLI.

LESSON XLI.

THE PAST INDEFINITE. [§ 121.]

1. The past indefinite is composed of the present of the indicative of one of the auxiliary verbs, avoir and être [§ 45, (8.)], and the parSee the different paradigms of verbs, § 47

ticiple past of a verb. and following sections.

J'ai parlé, je suis arrivé.

I have spoken, I have arrived.

2. The past indefinite is used to express an action entirely completed, but performed at a time of which a part is not yet elapsed, or at a time entirely past, but not specified. [§121, (1.) (2.)]

J'ai vu votre père ce matin.

Je ne vous ai pas encore parlé.

I have seen your father this morning.
I have not yet spoken to you.

3. The past indefinite may also be used, when the time is specified. [§ 121, (3.)]

Je lui ai écrit la semaine dernière. Je lui ai envoyé une lettre le mois dernier.

I wrote to him last week.

I sent him a letter last month.

4. In this tense, and in other compound tenses, the adverb is generally placed between the auxiliary and the participle. [§ 136, (3.)]

Vous nous avez souvent parlé.
Je ne l'ai pas encore vu.

You have often spoken to us.
I have not yet seen him.

5. The adverbs, aujourd'hui, to-day; demain, to-morrow; hier, yesterday, polysyllabic adverbs of manner ending in ment, and long adverbs generally, do not come between the auxiliary and the participle, but follow Rule 1, Lesson 34. See § 136, (5.)

Vous avez lu dernièrement.

You read lately.

6. The unipersonal verb y avoir, [L. 33, R. 3, 4,] placed before a word expressing time, corresponds with the English word, ago.

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Votre frère a dit quelque chose.
Votre sœur qu'a-t-elle dit?
N'avez-vous rien dit à mon cousin?
Je ne lui ai rien dit.

Je ne l'ai jamais rencontré.
Je ne leur ai jamais parlé.
Qu'avez-vous fait aujourd'hui ?
Hier, nous n'avons pas travaillé.
En avez-vous souvent parlé ?
Je leur en ai souvent parlé.
Je ne le leur ai pas encore dit.
N'avez-vous pas assez écrit?
Il m'a écrit, il y a longtemps.
Il nous a répondu, il y a un mois.

Avocat, m. barrister ;
Cela, ceci, that, this;
Dit, told, said;

Étudi-er, 1. to study;
Gant, m. glove;

Your brother said something.
What did your sister say?
Have you told my cousin nothing?
I have told him nothing.
I have never met him.
I never spoke to them.
What have you done to-day?
We did not work yesterday.
Have you often spoken about it?
I have often spoken to them about it.
I have not yet told them of it.
Have you not written enough?
He wrote to me, a long time ago.
He replied to us, a month ago.

EXERCISE 79.
Garçon, m. boy;
Hier, yesterday;
Journée, f. day;
Lu, from lire, read;
Ministre, m. minister;

Mis, from mettre, put on,;
Plant-er, 1. to plant;
Poirier, m. pear-tree;
Soulier, m. shoe;

Vu, from voir, seen.

1. Qui vous a dit cela? 2. L'avocat me l'a dit. 3. Lui avez-vous parlé de cette affaire? 4. Je ne lui en ai pas encore parlé. 5. L'avezvous vu dernièrement? 6. Je l'ai vu, il y a quelques jours. 7. N'avezvous pas écrit hier? 8. Nous avons lu et écrit toute la journée. [L. 26, (9.)] 9. N'avez-vous pas ôté vos gants et vos souliers? 10. Je n'ai pas ôté mes gants, mais j'ai ôté mon chapeau. 11. Le tailleur n'a-t-il pas mis son chapeau? 12. Oui, monsieur; il a mis son cha13. Qu'avez-vous fait à ce petit garçon? 14. Je ne lui ai rien fait. 15. Ne lui avez-vous point dit que je suis ici ? 16. Je ne le lui ai pas encore dit. 17. Qu'avez-vous étudié ce matin? 18. Nous avons étudié nos leçons, et nous avons lu nos livres. 19. Le jardinier du ministre a-t-il planté le poirier? 20. Il l'a planté, il y a plus de huit jours. 21. Avez-vous acheté un habit de drap noir? 22. J'en ai acheté un 23. L'avez-vous porté aujourd'hui? 24. Je ne l'ai pas encore porté. 25. Nous avons mis nos souliers et nos bas ce matin.

peau.

EXERCISE 80.

1. Have you studied to-day? 2. We have no time to study, we have read a page. 3. Have you not written to my brother? 4. I have not yet written to him. 5. Has not the German written to my mother? 6. He has not yet written to her. 7. Have you told (à) my mother that I have taken (pris) this book? 8. I have not yet seen your mother. 9. What have you done this morning? 10. We have done nothing. 11. Have you taken off your coat? 12. I have

not taken off my coat, it is too cold. 13. Has the bookseller written to your brother? 14. He wrote to him, a long time ago. 15. Did he write to him, a month ago? 16. He wrote to him, more than a year ago. 17. Have you planted a pear-tree? 18. We have planted several. 19. Is it too cold to (pour) plant trees? 20. It is too warm. 21. What has the gardener done to your little boy? 22. He has done nothing to him. 23. Has any one done any thing to him? 24. No one has done any thing to him. 25. Is any thing the matter with him? 26. Nothing is the matter with him. 27. Has your father put on his black hat? 28. No, sir; he has not put on his black hat. 29. What has your brother said? 30. He has said nothing. 31. Has your sister told you that?. 32. She told it me. 33. Did you not work yesterday? 34. We did not work yesterday, we have nothing to do. 35. Your little boy has done nothing to-day.

LEÇON XLII.

LESSON XLII.

THE PAST PARTICIPLE. [§ 134.]

1. The past participle, which, in French, forms a part of every compound tense, [§ 45, (8)] is susceptible of changes in its termination.

2. The student will find in the table of the terminations of the regular verbs [§ 60], the different changes which the past participle of those verbs undergoes. The feminine terminations of the past participle of the irregular verbs, will be found in the alphabetical table, § 62.

3. The last letter of the feminine termination is always an e mute. 4. The plural of a past participle not ending with an s is formed by the addition of that letter to the singular, masculine or feminine. 5. The past participle, accompanied by the auxiliary avoir, never agrees with the nominative or subject [§ 134, (3.)].

Les demoiselles ont chanté.
Ces messieurs ont lu toute la journée.

The young ladies sang.

Those gentlemen read the whole day.

6. The participle past, having être as its auxiliary, assumes in its termination the gender and number of the subject, [§ 134, (2.)]

Ma fille est arrivée ce matin.

Nos frères ne sont pas venus.

My daughter arrived this morning.
Our brothers have not come.

7. The participle, accompanied by the auxiliary avoir, agrees in gender and number with its direct object or régime direct, [§ 2, (2.) § 42, (4.)] when the object precedes it, [§ 134, (4.)]

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