§ 468. SUBSTANTIVAL SENTENCES.

Substantival sentences are introduced by que. In them the Subjunctive mood is more commonly employed than the Indicative or Conditional after

1. Expressions of uncertainty, expediency, fear, surprise, joy, sorrow, etc.

Je doute qu'il écrive
Il faut qu'il écrive

Je crains qu'il n'écrive

Je suis surpris qu'il écrive
Je suis ravi qu'il écrive
Je suis fâché qu'il écrive

I doubt if he will write

He must write

I fear lest he should write
I am surprised he writes
I am pleased for him to write.
I am sorry for him to write

2. Expressions of will, desire, permission, hindrance, etc.

J'exige qu'il écrive
Je désire qu'il écrive
Je consens qu'il écrive
J'empêche qu'il n'écrive

I insist upon his writing

I wish him to write

I consent to his writing
I prevent him from writing

If any of these expressions are put in an interrogative or negative form, the probability of the Subjunctive being the correct mood is increased, and therefore, s'imaginer (imagine), se douter (suspect), s'attendre (expect), penser (think), présumer (presume), soupçonner (suspect), croire (think), espérer (hope), which take the Indicative when used affirmatively, have the Subjunctive when used interrogatively or negatively:

Il s'imagine que nous y allons,

He imagines we are going there.

S'imagine-t-il que nous y allions?

*

Does he imagine that we are going there?

Il ne s'imagine pas que nous y allions,

He does not imagine that we are going there.

Formerly, after these verbs, the Subjunctive was required in the Subordinate sentence as after other verbs of doubt. Custom has established the distinction given above.

§ 469. ADJECTIVAL SENTENCES.

Adjectival sentences are usually introduced by a relative. In them, as in Substantival sentences, the Subjunctive is more commonly employed than the Indicative or Conditional:

1. When the Principal sentence expresses a mere ex-
pectation or wish: Montrez-moi une seule faute que
j'aie faite, Shew me a single mistake that I have
made (I feel sure you will not be able); but,
Montrez-moi la faute que j'ai faite, Shew me the
mistake I have made (I know that there is one).
2. In assertions which are mere matters of opinion:
L'homme est le seul être qui sache qu'il doit mourir,
Man is the only being who knows that he must die;
but, L'homme est le seul être qui est droit sur ses
pieds, Man is the only being who stands upright.

As with Substantival sentences, if there is an interrogation or negation in the Principal sentence, the probability of the Subjunctive being the right mood is increased.

§ 470. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.

Adverbial sentences are usually introduced by various Compound Conjunctions, which are differently classed into conditional, concessive, consecutive, final, temporal, causal, comparative. (See § 441.)

CONDITIONAL.

À moins que, pourvu que, en cas que, soit que, supposé que, pour peu que (§ 332).

J'irai, à moins qu'elle ne soit malade,

I shall go, unless she is ill.

Soit qu'il vienne ou non, j'irai,

Whether he comes or not, I shall go

Elle le verra, pourvu qu'il lui plaise,

She will receive him, provided he pleases her.

Habille-toi, en cas qu'il vienne,

Dress yourself, in case he comes.

$470.

CONCESSIVE.

Quoique, bien que, encore que..

Il réussira, quoique nous en pensions,

He will succeed, whatever we may think about it.
Elle le fit, bien qu'elle en souffrit,

She did it, though she suffered in doing so.

Nous l'avons laissé partir, encore que nous l'aimions,
We have let him go, notwithstanding our love for him.

FINAL.

Pour que, afin que, de peur que, de crainte que,

Il viendra, pour que nous l'admirions,
He will come, for us to admire him.
Nous l'arrosons, afin qu'il ne périsse pas,
We water it, that it should not die.
Attachez-le, de peur qu'il ne s'échappe,
Tie him, for fear he should escape.

Nous l'amusons, de crainte qu'elle ne s'ennuie,
We amuse her, for fear she should be dull.

TEMPORAL.

Avant que, jusqu'à ce que, en attendant que.

Il mourra avant qu'elle vienne,

He will die before she comes.

Nous attendrons jusqu'à ce qu'il se décide,

We will wait until he decides.

ર

RSITY

ΝΙΑ.

Nous jouons en attendant que l'heure du travail arrive,
We play till the time for work comes.

CONSECUTIVE.

De manière que, de sorte que.

Il s'arrange de manière que nous puissions le voir,
He manages so that we may be able to see him.

Il est parti, de sorte que je me trouve seul,
He is gone, so that I find myself alone.

§ 471. ADDITION OF 'NE' IN SUBORDINATE SENTENCE.

Ne is added usually in the Subordinate clause after certain verbs, conjunctions, etc., but not necessarily with any negative meaning:*

1. After verbs (a) of fearing, (b) hindering, (c) precaution, used affirmatively.

(a) Je tremble

J'ai peur

Je crains

qu'il ne vienne

I fear lest he should come.

(6) La pluie empêche qu'on ne sorte,

The rain prevents one from going out.
(c) Prenez garde qu'il ne vous frappe,
Take care lest he strike you

2. Usually after douter, nier used negatively.
Je ne doute pas qu'il ne vous voie,
I do not doubt that he sees you.

Ne nie-t-il pas que nous ne l'ayons surpris ?
Does he not deny that we have surprised him?
Nous ne désespérons pas qu'il ne le fasse,

We do not despair of his doing it.

3. After de crainte que, de peur que, etc., used affirmatively. Partons, de crainte qu'il ne nous surprenne,

Let us set out, for fear he should surprise us.
Il parle bas, de peur qu'on ne puisse l'entendre,

He speaks in a whisper, lest he should be heard.
Je ne le ferai pas, à moins que vous ne le vouliez.
I shall not do it, unless you wish it.

4. After mieux, meilleur, pire, autre, plutôt, etc., employed affirmatively.

Il est plus riche qu'il n'était,

He is richer than he was.

Often the ne has no special meaning but as a rule it adds to the general uncertainty of the statement.

§ 472. THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN PRINCIPAL SENTENCE.

The Subjunctive is often used without any preceding verb, to express a wish or exhortation (optative.) It is mostly the Simple Present Subjunctive that is thus used, but other tenses are also found.

Que je vous retrouve à mon retour,
Let me find you on my return.
Que je meure, si je vous trahis,
May I die, if I betray you.
Qu'il parte à l'instant,

Let him go at once.
Puisses-tu échapper à la guerre,
May you escape war.
Puissiez-vous réussir,

May you succeed.

Vive l'Empereur,

Long live the Emperor.

Dieu vous bénisse,

God bless you.

Plût à Dieu,

Would to God.

The Present Subjunctive, first person plural, is not so employed. (See Imperative, below.)

§ 473. IMPERATIVE.

The Imperative usually commands:

Va,

Go.

Asseyez-vous, Sit down.

But in the first person plural it expresses a wish rather than

a command:

Partons

Ne tardons plus

Let us set out.

Let us no longer delay.

Compare Optative use of the Subjunctive (§ 472).