to punish, etc. to recommend, etc. to rejoice, to be glad, etc. to repent, to be sorry, etc. to risk, to venture, etc. to beseech, to beg, etc. to attempt, to try, etc. etc. (s')abaisser (à) aboutir (à) s'accoutumer (à) s'acharner (à) aimer (à) s'amuser (à) § 463. Verbs which require 'à' before next Infinitive. (For examples, see § 477.) to lower oneself, to condescend, etc. to lead, end, to tend, etc. to get into the habit, to accustom oneself, etc. to be bent (upon), etc. to find pleasure, to like, etc. to amuse oneself, to waste time, etc. balancer (à) borner (à) chercher (à) se complaire (à) se condamner (à) consentir (à) consister (à) conspirer (à) se consumer (à) contribuer (à) déterminer (à) se disposer (à) donner (à) employer (à) to hesitate, etc. to limit, to bound, etc. to endeavour, to try, etc. to take pleasure, etc. to condemn, to find fault, etc. to consent, etc. to consist, etc. to conspire, to plot. to wear oneself out, to waste away. to contribute, etc. to determine, to resolve, etc. to dispose oneself, to prepare, etc. to give, to charge, etc. to make use of, to employ. to encourage, etc. to engage, to pledge, etc. to embolden, etc. to grow bold, to dare, etc. encourager (à) engager (à) enhardir (à) s'enhardir (à) enseigner (à) to teach, etc. s'étudier (à) to endeavour, etc. exhorter (à) to exhort, to encourage, etc. s'exposer (à) se fatiguer (à) s'habituer (à) hésiter (à) inviter (à) montrer (à) s'obstiner (à) s'opiniâtrer (à) parvenir (à) pencher (à) penser (à) persévérer (à) persister (à) se plaire (à) prendre plaisir (à) se préparer (à) to expose oneself, to run a risk, etc. to tire oneself, etc. to accustom oneself, etc. to hesitate, etc. to invite, to engage, etc. to persist, to be obstinate, etc. to think, to take care, etc. to persist, etc. to take pleasure, etc. to delight, etc. to dispose, to prepare oneself. § 464. Verbs which take 'à' or 'de' before the fol lowing Infinitive. commencer (à) (de) continuer (a) (de) (For examples, see § 478.) to begin to go on, etc. to force, to oblige, etc. to ask, to require. etc. OBSERVATION:-The meaning is usually the same, whether à or de is employed. Venir is the most important exception : Il vient de mourir, He is just dead. S'il vient à mourir, If he happens to die. Indicative and Conditional Moods. § 465. INDICATIVE. The Indicative mood is mainly used in Principal sentences to affirm or deny: Le facteur vous a donné mes bagages, The porter has given you my luggage. Le facteur ne vous a pas donné mes bagages, The porter has not given you my luggage. The Indicative is also used in subordinate sentences instead of the Subjunctive, when it is desired to state a fact: I know he will go. Je sais qu'il ira I know that he is gone. § 466. CONDITIONAL. The Conditional is mostly used in Principal sentences to which a condition, expressed or understood, is annexed. This its name implies : La facteur vous aurait donné vos bagages, s'il avait pu. he had been able. Il pourrait bien faire cela (i.e., s'il voulait), He could very well do that (i.c., if he would). It is also used in Subordinate sentences instead of the Subjunctive, but it then loses the conditional meaning, from which it takes its name, and becomes practically a Future Indicative; but a Future Indicative looked at from the Past, and not from the Present, like the ordinary Future Indicative. (§§ 368, 479, 493.) The two tenses may then be conveniently called Present Future Indicative and Past Future Indicative. I say that I shall go to-morrow, Je dis que j'irai demain. I said that I should go the next day, *It has not always conditional force even in the Principal sentence. Subjunctive Mood. § 467. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN SUBORDINATE SENTENCES. The Indicative and Conditional Mood forms may be employed in surbordinate sentences; the Subjunctive Mood forms are rarely employed otherwise; this the name "Subjunctive" implies. Subordinate sentences are of three kinds : SUBSTANTIVAL: which stand in the relation of a substantive to the principal sentence. They are usually introduced by the conjunction que. (§ 468.) ADJECTIVAL: Which stand in the relation of an adjective to the principal sentence. They are usually introduced by a relative. (§ 469.) ADVERBIAL: which stand in the relation of an adverb to the principal sentence. They are usually introduced by compound conjunctions. (§ 470.) In Substantival and Adjectival sentences the Subjunctive, and not the Indicative or Conditional, is employed where the Principal sentence contains some expression which creates doubt or uncertainty in the general statement. In Adverbial sentences this is also true, but usage has somewhat overridden the principle, and it is safer to trust to lists based on this usage. About three-sevenths of these compound conjunctions always have the Subjunctive; about three-sevenths always have the Indicative, about one-seventh have either the Subjunctive or Indicative, according as there is doubt or not. (§ 441.) OBS.:-Notice the absence of 'may' and 'might' in the subordinate sentences (332). |