§ 437. § 437. Prepositional expressions which may be said to govern the Genitive: (a.) à cause de à côté de on account of by the side of à défaut de à force de à la faveur de à la manière de à la mode de à la merci de au deçà de au défaut de au delà de au dessus de au devant de au lieu de au milieu de au moyen de au niveau de au péril de au prix de au risque de au dépens de en deçà de en dépit de in the place of by dint of by means of in the manner of after the fashion of at the mercy of on this side of in the place of on that side of upon, on the top of before, in front of instead of in the middle of by means of even with, at the level of at the peril of en faveur de by favour of § 438. Formation of Prepositions. Prepositions like Adverbs have been obtained from various Sources: 1. Directly from Latin Prepositions, sometimes without composition: sans, pour, entre, en, sur, de, à, par, etc.; sometimes with composition: dans, depuis, avant, parmi, dės, derrière, dessus, dessous, etc., etc. 2. From oblique cases of Nouns and Adjectives: sometimes with, sometimes without, composition with de, à, etc.: chez, malgré, vis-à-vis, sauf, loin de, au dedans de, vis-à-vis de, etc. 3. From French Nouns and Adjectives: au lieu de, au bas de, à cause de, le long de, en faveur de, à la merci de, etc., etc. 4. From the Imperative Mood: voici, voi'à. 5. From the Past Participle used absolutely excepté, attendu, vu, hormis (§ 456. 4). 6. From the Present Participle used absolutely: touchant, pendant, suivant, moyennant, nonobstant. CHAPTER VI.-CONJUNCTIONS. § 439. Conjunctions are of two kinds : 1. Co-ordinate, which join words and sentences, but do not influence mood. 2. Subordinate, which join sentences and do influence. mood. § 440. The Co-ordinate Conjunctions are § 441. The Subordinate Conjunctions are conveniently divided into Conditional, Concessive, Consecutive, Final, Temporal, Causal, Comparative. Most of these may be again. divided into those with which the Indicative or Conditional is usual, and those with which the Subjunctive is usual ($ 467). CONDITIONAL. à condition que, on condition that sinon que, if not that si, if Subjunctive Mood. à moins que, unless si (before auxiliaries), if pourvu que, provided that au cas que, in case that supposé que, supposing that pour peu que, provided that CONCESSIVE. Subjunctive Mood. nonobstant que, although bien que, although quoique, although encore que, even though pour peu que, however little si peu que, however little dès que, from the moment that d'abord que, as soon as depuis que, since quand, when tandis que, whilst avant que, before that en attendant que, until lorsque, when pendant que, while tant que, as long as Subjunctive Mood. jusqu'à ce que, until * Some Conjunctions take the Infinitive with de, but this depends upon construction. ainsi que, as well as COMPARATIVE. Indicative Mood. ainsi que, as de même que, as, in the same way à mesure que, in proportion as autant que, as much as comme si, as if selon que, according as au lieu que, instead of CHAPTER VII.-INTERJECTIONS. § 442. Interjections, as the name implies, are words thrown into a sentence without influencing its construction. They express: Grief: alas! hélas! aie! oh! etc. Joy: ah! bon! hurrah! etc. Surprise ah! oh! hem! etc. Various nouns, verbs, adverbs, etc., are employed as Interjections: bien à la bonne heure! bravo! au feu au secours! au voleur ! tiens! quoi! vraiment ! par exemple! gare! silence! paix! etc., etc. well done! all right! |