I. From the Present Infinitive is really derived the Present Conditional. II. From the Present Participle may be formed the Past Imperfect, Indicative. Present Subjunctive. III. From the Present Indicative may be formed the IV. From the Past Simple Indicative may be formed the V. From the Past Participle may be formed All compound tenses. § 330. The same rules may be thus stated at greater length: I. The Present Infinitive + ai, etc. = Future Simple Indicative. - Pronouns tu, nous, vous = Imperative. IV. The Past Simple, 2nd person = + se, etc. Past Subjunctive. V. The Past Participle + various tenses of avoir, étre 1=3 § 331. Example of tense formation : Compound tenses. Principal Parts: sentir, sentant, je sens, je sentis, senti. I. From Present Infinitive, sentir, are obtained: Simple Future, Indicative. II. From Participle Present, sentant, are obtained: 1. Simple Present plural, Indicative. III. From Simple Present, Indicative: tu sens, nous sentons, vous sentez, are obtained IV. From Simple Past, Indicative, je sentis, tu sentis, etc., are obtained: je sent-isse tu sent-isses il sent-ît Simple Past, Subjunctive: nous sent-issions vous sent-issiez ils sent-issent. V. From Participle Past, senti, are obtained all compound tenses j'ai sent-i, etc. j'avais sent-i, etc. j'eus sent-i, etc. j'aurai sent-i, etc. j'aurais sent-i, etc. j'aie sent-i, etc. j'eusse sent-i, etc. avoir sent-i, etc. ayant sent-i, etc. ENGLISH OF THE FRENCH TENSES. § 332. The English given in the paradigms (§§ 338-349) is only one of several possible renderings. PRESENT SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE FUTURE IMPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PRESENT PAST FUTURE INDICATIVE MOOD. I love, I do not love, do I love? I am loving. I have loved, I loved. I loved, did I love, I did not love. I was loving, I used to love, did I love, I loved. I shall love, thou wilt love, etc. I shall be loving, thou wilt be loving, etc. I shall have loved, thou wilt have loved, etc. CONDITIONAL MOOD. I should love, thou wouldst love, etc. I should have loved, thou wouldst have loved SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. The Subjunctive Mood of the French is (in mistaken imitation of the Latin Grammars) usually rendered, in Tables of Verbs, by the signs may, might. This is misleading. It must much oftener be turned into English by the corresponding tense of the Indicative. Often the "Accusative with the Infinitive or some other idiom is the best rendering: Je nie qu'il soit en bonne santé. Croyez-vous qu'il le fasse? Il désire que je le fasse. Je ne croyais pas qu'il le sút. Il va sans que je le sache. Il veut que je le dise. With may, might (rare): I deny that he is in good health. Il l'appelle afin que je lui parle. He calls him so that I may speak to him. Il l'avait appelé afin que je lui parlasse. He had called him, so that I might speak to him. The 3rd Person, Present Tense, Subjunctive Mood, may sometimes be rendered imperatively by the sign ‘Let ·' as, Qu'il aime: Let him love. Qu'ils aiment: Let them love. INTRANSITIVE, REFLEXIVE, IMPERSONAL AND PASSIVE VERBS. § 333. Conjugation of Intransitive Verbs. * I. In their Simple Tenses' INTRANSITIVE VERBS take the same inflexions as the Transitive Verbs: I carry Tu portes Il porte, etc. I dine. Je dîne Tu dînes Il dîne, etc. II. In their Compound Tenses' most Intransitive Verbs are conjugated by the help of 'avoir,' like Transitive Verbs of the Active Voice : · (Transitive). J'ai aimé, I have loved. (Intransitive). J'ai dîné, I have dined. Some takeêtre' instead of 'avoir.' † The Participle is then made to agree with the Subject of the verb, as if the verb were Passive. The following are the most important: †The same use of 'to be' with Intransitive Verbs, instead of 'to have,' occurs sometimes in English: hence, § 334. Conjugation of Reflexive* and Reciprocal Verbs I. In their Simple Tenses' REFLEXIVE and RECIPROCAL VERBS take the same inflexions as ordinary verbs. Je me II. In their Compound Tenses' all Reflexive and Reciprocal Verbs are conjugated by the help of être instead of 'avoir.' The Past Participle must be made to agree in gender and number with the direct object of the verb, as, suis moqué de lui, I have laughed at him. Nous nous sommes moques de lui, We have laughed at him. III. Those Reflexive Verbs which would have no meaning in French without the Reflexive Pronoun, are said to be ' essentially' reflexive: † as, se moquer, (to) laugh at. IV. Those which are merely Transitive Verbs used reflexively, are said to be 'accidentally' reflexive: as, se laver, (to) wash one's self, from laver (to) wash. In the Imperative Mood toi takes the place of te: (§ 282.) Moque-toi Moquons-nous Moquez-vous Lave-toi Lavons-nous Lavez-vous Called sometimes Reflective,' sometimes 'Reflected' Verbs. There are a few such verbs in English; as, (to) bethink oneself, to betake oneself, etc. |