their own country. The Germans and Austrians are retiring from Bulgaria, and their troops are retreating north. The ultimate result of this we cannot yet estimate. Turkey has not yet made any offer of submission, but an irreparable blow has been inflicted on German and Austrian ambitions in the East.

On the whole of the Western Front there has been a steady advance. A fierce battle has been fought on the Hindenburg line and the centre has been captured. That the blows of the Allies are beginning to tell, and that Germany is feeling acutely the strain is shewn by the changes in her government at home, by the altered tone of many of her papers, and by the request she has made for an armistice and negotiations. That request has been refused, but it cannot be doubted that we are faced with a crumbling power, and that the time will shortly come when we have to consider seriously the issues. At present there is no doubt that Germany wishes to try to secure by offers of peace what she has failed to secure by war. Supposing that we were to accept an armistice now, it would simply enable her to withdraw her troops across the Rhine, to occupy a position of greater strength in the West, and to employ the forces which we thus let free in securing her tyranny over Russia.

But the situation has its serious aspect. Germany remains to the end what she was at the beginning, and is now attempting to blackmail Europe. The alternative she offers us is that we should be willing to accede to her conditions or that she will entirely destroy the cities of France and Belgium which she occupies. We would gladly be spared further fighting. The strain on our resources is serious, the strain upon the life of our people is still more serious. We would gladly save Belgium from further devastation, but it must not be done by any compromise which would destroy the results of our fighting. Yet it will not do tamely to submit to German brutality, and humanity and justice demand that we must secure that a just punishment befalls Germany for every outrage she commits, and that we must remind her of the effects

of what she threatens. If punishment be merely retributory it may possibly be that it cannot be justified. The object of punishment is primarily to prevent crime. Let it clearly therefore be laid down that for all wanton damage done a penalty both remedial and preventive will be imposed. Not only will Germany have to pay a sufficient sum to replace all the damage, private and public, that her troops have inflicted, but also for every city and village wantonly destroyed there will be a judicial destruction of a corresponding city and village in Germany. If she destroys Brussels we must destroy Berlin; if she destroys Bruges we must destroy Hamburg; if she destroys Ghent we must destroy Cologne. No sentence short of this will prevent the brutality of the German. For the rest we cannot demand less severe terms from Germany than we did from Bulgaria. To carry on negotiations while her army is in being will make our purpose impossible. If she wishes for peace now her army in France and Belgium must lay down its arms; her army at home must be demobilized, and she must hand over to us for occupation Metz, Mainz, Cologne, Danzig, Kiel, and Hamburg, and her armies must be withdrawn from Russian territory.

We have said from the beginning that we must defeat Germany. That end is nearer than it was. It may well demand a great effort, but we must be prepared to endure until we have accomplished it.

October 9, 1918.

EDMUND BISHOP, LITURGIST.

1. Liturgica Historica. Papers on the Liturgy and Religious Life of the Western Church by EDMUND BISHOP. (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1918.) 30s. net.

2. The Bosworth Psalter. Bу ABBOT GASQUET and EDMUND BISHOP. (London: George Bell and Sons. 1908.)

3. The Book of Cerne. By Dom A. B. KUYPERS, Benedictine of Downside Abbey. (Cambridge University Press. 1902.) 4. Edward VI and the Book of Common Prayer. By FRANCIS AIDAN GASQUET, O.S.B., . . . and EDMUND BISHOP. (London: Hodges. 1890.)

5. The Liturgical Homilies of Narsai. Translated into English with an Introduction by Dom R. H. CONNOLLY, M.A., of Downside Abbey. With an Appendix by EDMUND BISHOP. (Cambridge University Press. 1909.)

6. The Journal of Theological Studies, 1903-1914.

Books are in very varying degrees reflective of the personality of their authors. In some the writer reveals himself almost on every page: in others he seems strangely detached and elusive. Mr. Bishop's posthumous collection of essays and papers belongs to the former class; and now that his hand will pen no more, it is in some respects all the more valuable that it is so. For the revealing of the personality of the writer is not here, as in many cases, a shewing up of prejudices, tendencies and the like. The very reverse of all this formed the scholarly and detached mind of the author. Consequently what appears here is not only a massive knowledge, a wide and deep acquaintance with the sources and literature, but a combination more precious and rare even than these. With all the knowledge there is a great hesitation to draw conclusions. With a wonderful power to put things in their setting and to point to inferences and interpretations, there is a great reluctance to generalize. There is a marked sensitiveness as to the meaning of evidence, and a great unwillingness to go beyond the evidence, together with considerable impatience regarding other writers-and some great names are among them-whom he feels to have done so. This goes with a great and very independent appreciation of

good work, wherever it is to be found, especially if it is minutely conscientious and unshowy.

So Edmund Bishop stands revealed in his latest book. His friends will welcome it for his sake as well as for the value of its contents: and others, who did not know him in life, will find revealed a great scholar and a model of method. For, as he himself said in his preface, 'It is the method that counts.'

At the same time it is a book which it is not easy to read. The reader must have plenty of time and be ready to listen to a good deal that is personal, and even-in a literary senseautobiographical. He must let Edmund Bishop go his own way and before long he will find that he is being taken straight to the point. He must not mind that the sensitiveness shews itself sometimes in other matters than those of scholarship, and that sometimes what is written, or more often the things omitted or disregarded, imply a gentle but very crushing condemnation. Also he must not be a beginner, but one who is already somewhat furnished at least in the groundwork of the subject and the elements of the documents and evidences. But the book must be read and re-read by anyone who seriously studies the problems of Western Liturgy.

Much of the contents had already appeared; but those who read the several papers at their first emergence will be the first to welcome the possession of them collected in this handsome volume. Moreover the author had gone over them all with an amplifying as well as emending hand; and the result is, that those who knew the papers in their original form will find a great deal that is fresh and yet more mature.

It may be well to summarize, and distinguish. There are thirteen Antiquarian papers preceded by fifteen Liturgical Studies. The former all appeared originally in the Downside Review between 1884 and 1911. They have a charm of their own, but are not equal either in size or importance to the preceding group. This main set begins chronologically with a paper on Abbat Helisachar (Neues Archiv, 1886; but it has been practically rewritten) and an article on the Gelasian Sacramentary (Dublin Review, 1894). The Downside Review first published between 1886 and 1906 six of the rest, including 'The History of the Christian Altar,' and the important study called 'Kyrie eleison.' Four of the most valuable are from the Journal of Theological Studies (1903-1907): They deal with the Gregorian Sacramentary, the text of the Canon of the Mass,

the Litany of Saints and Spanish Symptoms.' Perhaps the best known paper is that on 'The Genius of the Roman Rite,' a lecture which was given in 1899 and has been several times printed. A comparatively miniature work on the Holy Week Rites was also originally a lecture. It was given to the now defunct' Society of St. Osmund,' and was printed in its Transactions. Last but not least is the masterly essay 'On the Origin of the Prymer,' originally written for Mr. Littlehales' edition of the English Prymer in Early English Text Society, O.S. 105, 109 (1897).

The collection does not include some of Mr. Bishop's later work, not even the occasional 'Liturgical Comments and Memoranda' contributed by him to the Journal of Theological Studies 1909-1912. There is some representation of parts of this work in the additional notes added to this volume: but the larger part of it concerned more directly the Eastern than the Western Rites. Presumably that is the reason why it is not included here. It is more closely linked with the very important paper which Mr. Bishop contributed in 1909 as an Appendix to Dom Connolly's edition of the Liturgical Homilies of Narsai. Very insufficient attention has been paid hitherto to this side of Mr. Bishop's work-as has been made clear by a recent article in this Review as well as in other recent liturgical publications. Is it possible to hope that a second volume of Liturgica Historica may some day be issued, reprinting the Essay in Narsai,' the two Liturgical Comments 'viii. and ix. in the Journal of October 1912, the further 'Comment' there promised on the words. Epiklesis and Invocation and their use,' if it exists in MS, and other material of the same sort1? There is much in all his writing which it is difficult to follow without knowing the writer's mind on kindred topics. He is continually alluding, and sometimes rather obscurely, to convictions which he has reached, or views which he is inclined to hold. In view of the close interdependence of Eastern and Western Rites which he is continually asserting, the 'fixation' (as he would have said) of his liturgical teaching is incomplete, so long as the essays primarily concerned with Eastern questions are less accessible to the student than those which touch immediately the Western problems.

Even with such a second volume of Collectanea there would remain further pieces of his work to be sought in further volumes,

1 Including the addition to another piece of Dom Connolly's work in the Journal xv (1914) 589-593.