Relative pronouns.

For persons and things:

qui, who, which; que, whom, which, what; dont, whose, of or from whom or which; lequel, who, which, what.

77. For persons only: de qui, whose, or from whom; à qui, to whom.

78. For things only, after a preposition : quoi.

N.B.-The e of que is cut off before a vowel.

79. The relative pronouns qui, que, quoi, dont are invariable, but lequel is variable.

80. The relative pronouns are always expressed in French, and never understood, as they often are in English. 81. All the relative pronouns can be used in interrogative sentences, except dont.

82. There is an interrogative adjective quel (m. sing.), quelle (f. sing.), quels (m. plur.), quelles (f. plur.)

83. The demonstrative adjective: Ce (m. sing.), this or that, before a consonant or an h aspirate; cet before a vowel or an h mute; fem. sing. cette; plural ces.

84. As ce means indifferently this' or 'that,' whenever it is desirable, to distinguish this from that, -ci, here, or -là, there, are joined to the noun by a hyphen.

85. The demonstrative pronouns :

86. Use ce before the third persons singular or plural of

étre, and before qui and que.

87. Use celui, etc., in reference to a noun expressed before.

28. Use celui-ci, celui-là, etc., when two or more objects have been spoken of.

89. Use ceci, cela for an object pointed at, and not mentioned.

89A. Prepositions, some of the most commonly used: de, of, from; à, to, at; avant, before (of time or order); après, after; devant, before (of place); derrière, behind; dans, en, in; près de, near; sur, on; sous, under; avec, with; sans, without; chez, at, or in the house of; pour, for; contre, against; par, by; malgré, in spite of; dès, from, as early as.

90. Adverbs, of quantity: assez, enough; trop, too much; peu, little; beaucoup, bien, much, many; tant, so much, etc.

91. Adverbs of quantity (with the exception of bien) require de without any article after them.

N.B.-Bien requires de and the article, except in the expression bien d'autres.

192. Place of adverbs: They generally come after the verb in simple tenses, and between the auxiliary and the past participle in compound tenses.

93. Beaucoup, is never qualified by another adverb as in English; very much, too much, so much' are translated by beaucoup, trop, tant.

94. Adverbs form their degrees of comparison like adjectives.

95. Bien and peu form their degrees of comparison thus: bien, mieux, le mieux; peu, moins, le moins.

96. Mal forms its degrees of comparison regularly and irregularly: mal, plus mal, le plus mal; mal, pis, le pis.

97. Adverbs of manner can be formed by adding the termination ment to a feminine adjective.

98. If the feminine of the adjective ends with two Vowels the last is cut off.

99. The following adverbs take an acute accent on the●

of the adjective, aveuglément, précisément. Complètemeni, now written in the dictionary of the French Academy, and should be by all, with a grave accent like complète from which it is formed. (This change was suggested in a remark on complètement by E. Littré).

100. The following are formed irregularly: brièvement, traîtreusement.

101. From adjectives ending in ent, ant, form adverbs by changing ent into emment, ant into amment; exceptions: lent, lentement, véhément, véhémentement.

102. Adverbs of negation composed of two words: ne...pas, not; ne...point, not (stronger); ne...plus, no more; ne...rien, nothing; ne...que, only; ne... .guère, hardly; ne...jamais, never.

N.B.-The first part ne is placed before the verb immediately after the subject (if the subject changes its place the ne does not follow it: ne parle-t-il pas); the second part is placed after the verb in a simple tense, and after the auxiliary in a compound tense.

103. Indefinite adjectives: (Some of the most commonly used): tout (m. sing.), tous (m. pl.), toute (f. sing.), toutes (f. pl.), all; aucun, any, no, non, (used with ne); certain, some, some one, a certain; maint many; quelque, some; autre, other; chaque, (invar.) each; nul, nulle (f.), no, none; tel, telle (f.), such; quelconque (after the noun) any; plusieurs (invar.), several; même, same. Where no remark is made, the feminine and the plural are formed regularly.

104. Indefinite pronouns (some of the most commonly used): on-and when euphony requires it, l'on (sing.), one, people, they; chacun, chacune, each one, every one; personne (with ne), nobody; quelqu'un, some one, somebody; quelque chose, something; rien (with ne), nothing; tout le monde, everyone, everybody (and not all the world).

105. Conjunctions (some of the most commonly used): car, for, because; comme, as, like; parce que, because; et, and; mais, but; or, now, but; ou, or ; que, that; quand, when; ni, nor, neither; si, if; plutôt, rather; puisque, ince; lorsque, when; pourquoi, why; quoique, although.