CLASSIFICATION OF DEPOSITORS IN THE MANCHESTER AND SALFORD SAVINGS BANK, FROM 1821 TO

1835; TAKEN FROM RETURNS FURNISHED BY THE ACTUARY.

In Factories, Warchouses, as
Porters, &c. ......
Domestic Servants..

Total..

1679

2438

4877

6952 8100 9985 12425 16480 18423 20254 22251 24610 27344

NUMBER OF SINGLE DEPOSITS IN EACH YEAR SINCE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BANK.

(1099 1711 1299:2287 3233 4948 6102 9833 5373 8078 11232 10152 12507 11427 10422 11235 13649 16174 140761.

Number of

The number of depositors in Savings Banks is greater in this than in any other county of England, save Middlesex and Yorkshire, which might be expected to bear away the palm. After Lancashire, Devon stands highest on the list. According to a statement published at the close of the year 1825 in the Tables of Revenue, the account for Lancashire stood thus:-The number of Savings Banks was 24, and the number of depositors was classified as follows:

Depositors
Deposits..

15912; 101756 4100

118833 £308744 £284952 £171026 £133448 £58315£1075318' £32

There are in existence a greater variety of Benefit, Friendly, and Mutual Assurance Societies than can be enumerated in a brief space. The inst valuable of them is the "LANCASHIRE COMMERCIAL CLERKS' SOCIETY," which since its foundation, in 1802, has dispensed no less a sum than £32,862 7 1 to the widows and orphans of deceased members, or to those of its body who, from disease or decay, have been unable to pursue their ordinary means of subsistence. In addition to the annual income from subscripticus, the Society has an auxiliary fund of £18,000.

Amnt. vested.

Average for

cach Depositori

CHAPTER III.

MEDICAL SCHOOLS.-Amongst the other public Institutions of Man. chester, it is satisfactory to be enabled include Schools of Medicine and Surgery; and since it cannot fail to be interesting to the Public to be made acquainted with the origin and progress of these most useful establishments, we shall briefly notice their early formation, and point out some of the benefits which they are calculated to confer, not merely upon the rising members of the medical profession, but on the community at large.

A very few years ago, it would have been necessary to bring forward a series of arguments tending to prove the possibility of obtaining, beyond the immediate precints of the metropolis, the professional knowledge requisite for the education of students. Happily the necessity for such a demonstration no longer exists; for public evidence has been given before a Committee of the House of Commons, by the Court of Examiners of the Society of Apothecaries, at London, of the efficient system of education adopted in provincial Schools. To Manchester belongs the honour of having established the first provincial School of Medicine and Surgery, and the example thus set has been followed by Birmingham, Sheffield, Bristol, Hull, Nottingham, and other towns. The locality of Manchester must also be considered as particularly favourable for the success of such Institutions. It has been shown to possess an Infirmary, which affords students most excellent opportunities of witnessing disease under its diversified forms; of contrasting the results of different methods of practice; and of becoming intimately familiar with the future duties of their profession. In proof of this statement, it may be mentioned that, during the year 1835, the total number of patients admitted on the books of this charity was 198467, including 4058 accidents; that 135 capital operations were performed in it; and that it is capable of accommodating within its walls 200 patients. The Fever Wards containing 100 beds, the Lying-in Hospital, Lunatic Asylum, Chorltonupon-Medlock Lying-in Charity, Eye Institution, Lock Hospital, and the six Dispensaries, also offer the most abundant supplies both of medical and surgical information. One great obstacle, however, to the prosperity of the Medical Sshools in Manchester, is the unjust restriction placed upon the pupil's attendance on the surgical practice at the Royal Infirmary, by the Council of the College of Surgeons in London; for this large Institution does not enjoy equal privileges respecting certificates of attendance on the surgical practice, with some of the hospitals in London, containing scarcely fifty beds. To two app'ications made by the Surgical Officers of the Infirmary to the Council of the College of Surgeons in 1830 and 34, to have the Royal Infirmary placed on the same footing with the hospitals in London, Dublin, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen, the following was the answer returned by the Court of Examiners of the College:-"We cannot comply with your request, because sufficient time has not elapsed to enable us to form an equitable judgment as to the

education of pupils coming from provincial Schools."-The injustice of this decision is shown by the following unsolicited testimony given by another Examining Body, before a Committee of the House of Commons-"That no class of pupils is better prepared than those who have been educated solely at Manchester." The spirited memorial of the Surgeons, just noticed, firmly maintains that, owing to the general diffusion of knowledge, and increased capability of appreciating useful establishments, the dignity and respectability of the College cannot be preserved without a recognition of such institutions as are acknowledged by public consent to be fully competent to the essential purposes of professional education. It has been well observed, that this is not the time to enforce such illiberal restrictions. Provincial hospitals are conducted at least as well as those of the metropolis; and the pupils have, on the whole, equal, if not better, opportunities of instruction, in consequence of their numbers being smaller, and the bedside remarks of the medical officers being more distinctly heard, and the several operations more clearly seen. A regular system of clinical instruction is also now adopted in most of the large provincial Hospitals, which forms a most important part of the studenst' education.

On careful inquiry we find, that lectures on Anatomy and Physiology were delivered many years ago by several eminent practitioners. Amongst this number, may be mentioned the celebrated Charles White, Dr. White, Mr. Gibson, Dr. Roget, Mr. Ransome, and Mr. Ainsworth. To Mr. Jordan, however, belongs the high distinction of having first formed a regular Anatomical School. In 1814, he commenced a course of lectures on Anatomy; and in 1817, his certificates were recognised by the London Royal College of Surgeons. In 1822, Mr. Turner delivered his first course of lectures on Anatomy, in the rooms of the Literary and Philosophical Society. It was not until 1821 that an attempt was made by Mr. Turner to combine the exertions of individual teachers in one complete system of medical instruction. In 1825, a School of Medicine and Surgery, in Pine-street, was fully organised; and in that year Mr. Turner delivered a course of lectures on Anatomy; Dr. James L. Bardsley, a course on the Principles and Practice of Physic and Materia Medica; Mr. Ransome, on Surgery; Dr. Dalton, on Chemistry; the late Mr. Kinder Wood, on Midwifery; and Mr. Thomson, on Botany. Anatomical Demonstrations were also conducted by Mr. Turner until 1827, when Mr. Guest and Mr. Joseph Ransome supplied his place in that department.-Shortly after the formation of the Pinestreet School, Mr. Jordan obtained the co-operation of several of his professional friends, and thus was established another School of Medicine and Surgery, in Mount-street. Whilst Mr. Jordan continued his lectures on Anatomy, the Practice of Medicine and Materia Medica were allotted to Dr. Freckleton; Chemistry to Mr. Davies; Midwifery to Mr. Radford; Surgery to Mr. Fawdington and Mr. Boutflower; and Anatomical Demonstrations to the late Mr. Blundstone and Dr. Pritchard Hulme. It was not long before Dr. Freckleton relinquished his course on Materia Medica in favour of Dr. Shaw; and the late Mr. Jeffs and Mr. Stephens succeeded to the Anatomical Demonstrations.— These arrangements were adopted during two or three sessions, when several of the lecturers retired from the Institution, and a third School of Medicine and Surgery was formed in Marsden-street. Mr. Jordan, however, persevered with his Anatomical lectures in Mount-street until 1834, when, after being engaged for twenty years in the cause of medical education, he retired from the arduous and honourble duties of a public teacher. His nephew, Mr. Stephens,

was appointed, at the same time, one of the Demonstrators of Anatomy at the Pine-street School. Thus, there are at present two Schools of Medicine in Manchester, which, let us trust, will always be considered as rivals only in the zeal, energy, and talents of their lecturers, and in the excellence of their arrangements-for in each of them there exists a complete system of medical and surgical instruction, which cannot fail to produce the most salutary influence on the character and qualifications of the rising members of the profession. Owing to the new regulations enforced by the Apothecaries' Company at the commencement of almost each winter session, several changes in the different departments of the schools, and some additions to the number of lectureships, become indispensable. Much praise is, however, due to the masters and wardens of that Society, for their renewed endeavours to promote the interests both of the profession and of the public, by rendering the prescribed course of medical education better adapted to the present enlightened state of Society. In further proof of the increasing importance of provincial medical institutions, it may be stated that, during the last year, his Majesty was most graciously pleased to bestow his patronage upon one of our medical schools, in consideration of its being the first school embracing instruction in the several branches of medical science that was formed in the provinces. It now enjoys the honour of being named "The Manchester Royal School of Medicine and Surgery," in Pine-street. In order to shew the complete course of study laid down in each of the Medical Schools, it may be proper to name the several lectures, and the subjects which they teach, according to the published list of the last winter session. In the Pine-street Royal School of Medicine and Surgery, Mr. Turner lectures on Human and Comparative Ana. tomy, Physiology, and Pathology; the Anatomical Demonstrations are given by Mr. Stephens and Mr. Stott; Dr. James L. Bardsley lectures on the Principles and Practice of Physic; and the same gentlemen and Dr. Philips on the Materia Medica; Mr. Ransome on the Principles, Practice, and Operations of Surgery; Mr. Radford and Mr. Partington on the Principles and Practice of Midwifery, and the Diseases of Women and Children; and Mr. Bryden gives that part of the course which embraces the subject of Embryology; Mr. Davies and Mr. Joseph Ransome lecture on Chemistry; Mr. Ollier on Medical Jurisprudence; Mr. Hunt on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Eye; Mr. Just on Botany; and Mr. Stephens on Pathology. In the Marsden-street School, Mr. Fawdington lectures on Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology; Dr. Pendlebury on the Principles and Practice of Physic and Materia Medica; Mr. Boutflower on the Principles, Practice, and Operations of Surgery; Mr. Roberton and Mr. Windsor on Midwifery, and the Diseases of Women and Children; Mr. Leigh on Chemistry; Mr. Boutflower and Mr. Roberson on Medical Jurisprudence; Dr. Hardy on Botany; Mr. Walker on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology of the Eye. Mr. Fawdington, also, gives lectures in the summer on Pathology. The Anatomical Demonstrations are conducted by Mr. Clough and Mr. Mellor.-For the more perfect illustration of these different courses of lectures, these establishments have made the most ample provisions. They possess museums both of natural and morbid structure, which are open to the pupils, and employed by the lecturers as a means of instruction. Connected with the Schools are Libraries and Medico-Chirurgical Societies for the students.-Such are the origin, progress, and present efficient condition of Medical Schools in Manchester. It cannot fail to strike even the