sers," thus disposed of a contemporary British statesman: "Lord Brougham's great passions," he said, are vanity and ambition. He

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considers himself as one of the most wonderful works of Providence, is incessantly striving to display that superiority to his fellowcreatures, and to grasp a supreme dominion over all men and all things. His vanity is so preposterous that it has exposed him to ludicrous failures, and little that he has written will survive him. His ambition, and the falsehood and intrigue with which it works, have estranged all parties from him, and left him, in the midst of bodily and intellectual strength, an isolated individual, whom nobody will trust, and with whom nobody will act."

The head of Brougham was of full size, but not unusual. A student of physiognomy, but not a student of the back numbers of the London Punch, who did not recognize the man in this cast, said of it that it was the head of a man more remarkable for vivacity and quickness of mind than for original and powerful thinking. George Combe, in his "Lectures on Phrenology," delivered in the United States in the winter of 1838-9, exhibited a mask of Brougham-of course from life, for Brougham did not die until thirty years after that, and he was born in 1778-which is perhaps the mask here reproduced, as it is the face of a man in his prime-and his was a marvellous prime -not that of a nonogenarian. Brougham's powers of activity and endurance were phenomenal. It is recorded of him

ABRAHAM LINCOLN.

that he went from the law courts to the House of Commons, from the House to his own chambers, where he wrote an article for the Edinburgh Review, then, without rest, to the courts and the Houseagain, sitting until the morning of the third day before he thought of his bed or his sleep; and that during all this timehe showed no signs of mental or physical fatigue. Such continuous activity certainly did not shorten his days, even if it lengthened his nights.

Probably no single facial organ in the world has been the subject of so much attention from the caricaturists as the nose of Lord Brougham. It is doubtful if any two consecutive numbers of any so-called comic or satirical journal appeared in England during Brougham's

LORD BROUGHAM.

time without some representation of Brougham's nose. The author of Notes on Noses thus spoke of it: "It is a most eccentric nose; it comes within no possible category; it is like no other man's; it has good points and bad points and no point at all. When you think it is going right on for a Roman, it suddenly becomes a Greek; when you have written it down cogitative, it becomes as sharp as a knife.... It is a regular Proteus ; when you have caught it in one shape, it instantly becomes another. Turn it and twist it, and view it how, when, and where you will, it is never to be seen twice in the same shape; and all you can say of it

is that it's a queer one. And such exactly," he added, "is my Lord Brougham....Verily my Lord Brougham and my Lord Brougham's nose have not their likeness in heaven or earth.... And the button at the end is the cause of it all."

An interesting tribute to this remarkable organ is to be found in the printed Correspondence of John Lothrop Motley. Concerning Commemoration Day at Oxford he wrote, in 1860, "Nothing could be more absurd than Lord Brougham's figure, long and gaunt, with snow-white hair under the great black porringer, and his wonderful nose wagging lithely from side to side as he hitched up his red petticoats [Commemoration robes] and stalked through the mud."

There is no button on the end of the nose of the specimen of humanity whose mask forms a tail-piece to the present paper. Cowper, Combe, and others believed that the brain of the native African is inferior in its intellectual powers to the brain of the man of European birth and descent, while a certain body of naturalists contend that the negro owes his present inferiority entirely to bad treatment and to unfavorable circumstances. This black boy, the cast of whose face was made at St. Augustine, Florida, by Mr.

Thomas Hastings,

the architect, a year or two ago, for this collection, has undoubtedly been for generations the victim of unfavorable circumstances, and perhaps of bad treatment as well. He is, at all events, one of the lowest examples of his race, and his life-mask is only interesting here as an object of comparison. Whatever the head of a Bonaparte, a Washington, a Webster, or a Brougham is, his head is not. But whether his Creator or the Circassian is responsible for this, the naturalists and the experts must decide.

р

OPULATION and wealth are classified by the same standards. In both cases a million is the utmost figure that is popularly comprehended. A million of citizens or of dollars suggests the ripening of success in both fields. It is true that London has five millions of citizens and the Astors have thirty times as many dollars, but London is simply one of the world's capitals and the Astors are but millionaires in the general thought and speech. In America we are growing fa; miliar with big figures, and now it seems logically likely that another town will soon increase our acquaintance with them. It startled the English-speaking world to learn that Chicago had reached the million mark, but to-day we foresee that in a few years-perhaps the next census will record it--St. Louis is to share the honor with her. No other Western city has such a start in the race. It is true, if the signs are to be trusted, that the Twin Cities-Minneapolis and St. Paul -may then have a joint population of a million, but St. Louis is the commercial rival of all three of her great Northern neighbors, and is drawing trade which they were seeking, while the Twins are separate cities. The only millionaire towns, so to speak, will be Chicago and St. Louis.

St. Louis is already the fifth in size among the cities of the land, and would be fourth if Brooklyn were rated what she is in fact-a bedchamber of New York. But it is the new growth of St. Louis, her re-start in life, that is most significant and interesting; it began so recently and is gathering momentum so fast. And we shall see that never was city's growth more firmly rooted or genuine. What is accomplished there is performed without trumpeting or bluster, by natural causes, and with the advantages of conservatism and great wealth. More remarkable yet, and still more admirable, the new growth of the city is superimposed upon an old foundation. It is an age, as this world goes, since this proud city could be called new and crude. The greater St. Louis of the near future will be a fine, dignified, solid city, with a firmly established and polished society, cultivated tastes, and the monu

VOL. LXXXV.-No. 510.-90

ments, ornaments, and atmosphere of an old capital.

I have had occasion once or twice in the course of these articles upon the development of our West to speak of what may be called the "booming organizations" which father the commercial interests of the more ambitious cities, and in some instances of the newer States. These should have had more prominence, and should have been mentioned more frequently. Though they have nothing to do with the governments of the cities, they are, like the governments, the instruments of the united will of the people, working for the general good, and when they and the governments conflict, the will of "the boomers" often rises supreme above the local laws. For instance, it was announced in one city that the excise laws would be ignored, in order that the place might prove more attractive to a convention of politicians while they were the city's guests. There are good reasons for such supremacy of these powerful and active unions. Their leading spirits are always the most energetic and enterprising men in the cities, and their interest in their schemes for the general advantage is more enthusiastic than that which is felt in the gov

ernment.

The phrase "booming organizations" is applied to these institutions for the benefit of Eastern and transatlantic readers.

It is not altogether satisfactory to the persons to whom it is applied, because in parts of the West booming is a word that has come to be coupled with unwarranted and disastrous inflation, as when a new town is made the field of adventure for town-site and corner-lot gam blers. I use the phrase as we do who have succeeded in getting General Horace Porter to "boom" the completion of the Grant monument in Riverside Park. To "boom," then, is to put a plan generally and favorably before the people, to put a scheme in motion with éclat, to vaunt the merits of an undertaking. And that is what is done with and for the interests and merits of the Western cities by these organizations, which are there variously known as Boards of Trade, Chambers of Commerce, and Commer

cial Clubs. They are in essence what our Chambers of Commerce in Eastern seaports are, but in some cities they work apart from the Chambers of Commerce and on separate lines, while in others they do some of the same work, and a great deal else that is very different. They are in some cities what an engine is to a machine-shop or a locomotive is to a railway train. Whoever visits a city that is well equipped in this respect feels the pulsations and is conscious of the power and influence of its Board of Trade, as we note the presence of the dynamo in a boat that is lighted by electricity.

These unions consider the needs of their cities, and set to work to supply them. They raise the money for a fine hotel, if one is lacking; and in at least one city of which I know they turn what trade they can over to the hotel after it is built, even going to the extreme of giving a grand annual banquet there, and paying a purely fancy price per plate to the lessee of the house, in order that he may get a sort of pourboire out of it. They raise the means to build street railroads; they organize companies for the erection and maintenance of a first-class theatre in such a city, for the holding of an annual fair or carnival parade, for the construction of a great hall, to which they afterward invite conventions. These ventures are not all expected to be profitable by any means, particularly in the smaller cities; but they are "attractions," they swell the local pride, they promote that civicism which is such a truly marvellous factor in the even more marvellous progress of our Western cities. But these local unions go farther. They obtain the passage of laws exempting certain manufactures from license fees and taxes on the buildings in which they are carried on, and then they induce manufacturers to establish their workshops in those cities, giving them bonuses in the form of exemption from taxes, in the form of a gift of land, or even of a gift of a building designed and constructed as the recipients desire to have it. To give one illustration out of ten thousand, the little town of Rapid City, South Dakota, gave a noble store-house of brick and stone to a wholesale grocery firm for coming there to do business. To give another view of the subject, the editor of an influential newspaper in one

of the ambitious smaller cities of the West resigned his membership in the local Board of Trade because he said it contained so many wealthy men, and they so frequently subscribed large sums of money for public improvements, that he was uncomfortable at the meetings, and preferred to do his share of the work out side "until he had made his pile" and could "chip in with the rest."

These commercial circles send committees to Congress, to the heads of great societies, to the capitalists of the East and of the Old World, to urge their needs and merits, for especial ends. They cause the building of railroads and railroad spurs; they print books, pamphlets, and "folders," to scatter praise of their cities wherever English is read. They stop at nothing which will tend toward the advancement of their local interests. They are unions of business men, landowners, and capitalists; but, as in all things, one man is the dominant spirit and the most fertile in expedients. This is usually the secretary, who is a salaried officer. Men with an especial genius for the work drift into such positions, and when they prove especially and signally capable officials, such as those are who are in St. Paul, Spokane, and St. Louis, other cities try to secure them.

St. Louis has one of the most progressive and influential bodies in the West in its Merchants' Exchange. It is by no means a mere exchange. It does very much of the work toward the public and general good of which I have spoken; indeed, it may be said that the entire Southwest, and the immense territory drained by the Mississippi, find in it the ablest and most active champion of their needs. It is to the central West and the Southwest what our Chamber of Commerce is to New York and the commercial interests of the Atlantic coast. But with the sudden assumption of a new youthfulness in old St. Louis there has sprung up an auxiliary, or, at all events, another organization for the exploitation and advancement of local interests. It is called "the Autumnal Festivities Association," and is one of the most remarkable of the mediums through which Western enterprise works.

The story of its inception and organization, with the incidents I gathered concerning the firelike rush of the movement among all classes of St. Louis citi

zens, presents a peculiarly clear reflection of the character of the new life that now dominates that city, as well as of the forcefulness and ambition of the Westcrn people generally.

When St. Louis failed to secure the World's Fair, instead of sinking back discouraged, its leading men concluded that one fault with the city must be that its merits were not as widely or as clear ly understood as was necessary. Therefore, in the spring of 1891, a meeting was called at the Exposition Building to discuss the advisability of forming an organization which, for three years at least, should devote itself to celebrating the achievements and adding to the attractions of the city. From the stage the crude plan of the campaign was announced, and suggestions from the audience were asked for. As my informants put it, the first 'suggestion' was a subscription of $10,000 from a dry-goods firm; the second was a similar gift from a rich tobacconist. Then came two subscriptions of $7500 each, and others of amounts between $5000 and $1000. Mr. John S. Moffitt, a leading merchant, as chairman of the Finance Committee, promised to undertake the raising of one million dollars within three years, and received promises of sums amounting to $100,000 on that first evening. The sense of the meeting was that this large amount should be expended in attracting visitors to the city, and in interesting and caring for them after they came.

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A sum of money was set aside as a bonus for any persons who should build a one million dollar fire-proof hotel in the city on a site to be approved by the executive committee. It was resolved to appropriate as much as would be needed to illuminate the city with between 20,000 and 100,000 gas and electric lights on especial evenings during each year's autumnal festivities, and committees were appointed to look after illuminations, transportation, and whatever. It was also arranged that one-third of the full amount raised should be expended under the supervision of a branch of the organization to be called the Bureau of Information, and to be headed by Mr. Goodman King as chairman. Mr. James Cox, who had been the managing editor of one of the daily newspapers, became the secretary of this bureau. It has offices in St. Louis, and it arranged to open oth

ers in London and other cities in pursuit of a systematic effort to advertise the commercial, social, and sanitary advantages which St. Louis possesses.

Without waiting for the raising of the prescribed amount of money, the association fell to work at once, and the illuminations and festivities of the autumn of 1891 attracted hundreds of thousands of persons to the city, and were characterized as the finest displays of their kind that had up to that time been made in the country. In the mean time the finance committee began its task of raising a million of dollars. It adopted a shrewdly devised plan. Every trade was appealed to with a request that a committee be appointed and a canvass be made within its own field. Within a week 200 such sub-committees were at work. Each vied with the other in an effort to secure the largest sum, and subscriptions, in sums that ranged between three dollars and $5000, poured in. Those who did not subscribe promised to do so at a later time. In answer to about 4000 applications by these committees, it is said that there were only five refusals to join the popular movement.

It had not occurred to the leaders, even in this general sifting of the population, to ask the police for any subscriptions, the feeling being that the money was to be expended for purposes that would greatly increase their work; but, after waiting for months to be asked to join the movement, the police force applied for a thousand subscription cards, appointed their own collectors, and sent the money to the association headquarters in silver dollars carried in sacks. The citizens who were not directly appealed to-the lawyers and doctors and all the rest - sent in their checks, and five months after the organization was effected the finance committee reported the receipt of two-thirds of the total amount that was to have been raised in three years, or $600,000. It is not to be supposed, at this writing, that there will be a failure to raise the remaining $400,000 within the period in which it will be needed.

It will be seen that this association was formed after the city failed to secure the World's Fair, and that its term of duration covers the period of preparation for and the holding of the exposition. It is not antagonistic to the fair, however,