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13.-Je, me, te, se, de, ne, ce, que, are written j', m', t', s', d', n', c', qu', before a vowel or an h mute; but je and ce preserve the e when they are placed after a verb,

as:

J'ai une pomme.
Ai-je une pomme?
C'est une pomme.

Est-ce une pomme?

I have an apple.
Have I an apple?
It is an apple.

Is it an apple?

14.-Lorsque, puisque, quoique, are written lorsqu', puisqu', quoiqu', only before il, ils, elle, elles, un, une, on.

15.-Quelque is written quelqu' only before un, une.
16.-Jusque is written jusqu' only before à, au, aux, ici.

17.-Presque is written presqu' only in presqu'île, presqu'îles.

18.-Entre is written entr' in the following words only:

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19. Si is written s' only before il, ils.

20.—Moi, toi, are written m', t' when they are placed between a verb in the imperative and the pronoun en.

Donne-m'en, instead of donne-moi en, give me some of it, of them;-Parle-m'en, instead of parle-moi en, speak to me of it, of them;—Prends-t'en, instead of prends-toi en, take for thee some of it, of them;— Donne-t'en, instead of donne-toi en, give to thee some of it, of them.

Grande, grandes, are always written grand in grand' mère, grand'mères, grand'tante, grand'tantes. 21.-In the following words it is better for the beginner not to make use of the apostrophe, though they are fre

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22.-b, d, f, k, m, n, o, p, q, r, t, v, z, sound in French as in English.

23. a. a sounds always like the a in Paris; never like that in baby or in all.

24.—e. e without an accent at the end of a syllable, and in the terminations es, ent of verbs, as well as in the plural of nouns, qualificative adjectives, and participles ending in es, is hardly sounded and consequently called e mute; as je; de; me; homme; che|val; che|ve|lure; il de man dera; ils jou|e|ront; je joue; tu joues; ils jouent; pommes; fortes; aimées; chéries; rendues.

25.—When e is marked with an accent, or when it does

not end a syllable, it must be sounded like the first letter a in reading the English alphabet, as été, arrêter, près, très, décès, des, les.

26.-em. e has the French sound of a-1. before mb, mp, as embarquer, temple; 2. in emm at the beginning of words, as emmancher; 3. in the adverbs ending with emment, as prudemment; 4. in femme, femmelette, indemnité, indemniser.

27.-en. e in en has three sounds :

(a) It sounds like the French a in en followed by a consonant, as argent, argenter, vent, content, vendre ; and in Caen, Ecouen, en, Rouen, enivrement, enivrer.

(b) It sounds like the French i—

1. When en ends a word, as ancien, bien, chien, maintien; the s of the plural does not alter this pronunciation-anciens, biens.

2. In ien of the verbs tenir and venir and their compounds, when ien is not followed by n, as je tiendrai.

3. In agenda, Amiens, appendice, chiendent, ingrédient, pensum.

(c) It sounds like è when en is followed by ne mute, as tienne, tiennes, tiennent, anciennement, prenne.

28.-i. ¿ has the sound of i in ship, or that of the two ee's in sheep, never that of Sir nor of fire; as-île, vigne, fils. 29.-y. y is sounded sometimes like one French i and sometimes like two.

(a) It is sounded like one i when it begins or ends a word, as yeux, Yonne, dey, Coligny; and between two consonants, as style.

(b) It is sounded like two i's between two vowels, as voyage; and after a vowel, as paysan; voi|i|age, pailisan.

30.—u. u has a sound peculiar to the French language, which cannot be represented by any English sound.

31.-œ. œ before a consonant has the sound of e with an acute accent; Edème, Eta, pronounce édème, éta.

œ before a vowel is equivalent to an e mute; bœuf, sœur, pronounce beuf, seur.

32.-C. c is pronounced like k before a, o, u, and before any consonant but h:-café, cocotier, Cupidon, clé,

cravate, cri.

33.-C is pronounced like s in Sir before e, i, y :-ceci, cyprès. 34.-C is pronounced like g in second, seconde, seconder, secondement; and like g or d in Czar, Czarienne, Czarine, Czarowitz. Pronounce Gzar or Dzar, etc.

35.-ch. ch is pronounced like sh in ship or ch in chaise, never like ch in chair.

36.-Exceptions:

Ch is pronounced like ch in Christ :

(a) Before a consonant, as chronomètre;

(b) Before or, is anachorète;

(c) Before the ermination us of proper names, as Bacchus;

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37.-g. g before a, o, u, l, r, is pronounced as in game, gold, gun, gravity, glory: galon, golfe, contigu, gland, glu, gros.

38.-G before e, i, y, is pronounced like s in treasure, but never like g in the English name George: collége, giron, gymnase.

39.-gn. gn is pronounced generally like in the English words ring, rang: règne, régna, régnons, régnions.

40.-But in the following words, g and n are pronounced separately (g as in fig, and n as in nib):

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41.-Regnaud, Regnard, signet, re pronounced Renaud,

Renard, sinet.

42.-h. h in the body or at the end of a word is not pronounced at all: bonheur, Jéhovah are pronounced boneur, Jéova. It is there called mute.

43.-At the beginning of words it is also mute, except in the following, in which it is called aspirate and prevents the vowel it precedes being affected by the previous word. Thus h is aspirate in homard, therefore we must say le homard, les homards: lelo mard, les o mards; h being mute in homme, we must pronounce l'homme, les hommes as if there were no h at ll:-lom me, lé zommes.

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