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(a) Wholly given up to' prostitution or assignation
Immoral tenants desired or preferred
(c) Immorality countenanced or ignored

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3. Immoral

(a) Wholly given up to prostitution or assignation

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(a) Wholly given up to prostitution or assignation

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Discussing the subjects of vice monopoly, the members of the commission in their report, said:

"Closely allied to the element of profit in commercialized vice in relation to the conduct of hotels and rooming-houses, is an observed tendency on the part of individuals and realty firms to acquire and either manage or control properties in which immorality contributes to the revenue. This tendency is manifested from instances where one person owns or controls two such properties, to that wherein a dozen or more such places are owned or controlled by one real estate firm. The insidiousness of this evil is evident. As commercialized vice spreads through houses of public accommodation, its demoralizing influence is exerted in a most insidious way. It tempts the cupidity of proprietors. It furnishes a convenient and comparatively safe field for the lecherous exploits of the libertine. It subjects the vanity of weak women to terrible temptation, which too often leads them, for the sake of gayety and good clothes, to take the plunge into the underworld. It opens up new territory in which men and women who trade and

barter in prostitution may conduct their business with greater profit and safety. It develops abnormal phases of viciousness and dangerous deceit, as this commission discovered and can show by its records-cases wherein apparently respectable lodging-houses and hotels have been converted into centers of activity for a wide circle of depraved people; where debauchery of almost unbelievable character is practiced; where blackmail is hatched against those who have money and social position. Even beyond all this, the evil of commercialized vice has been found by this commission flourishing virulently in a house of refined and respectable surroundings under the managerial control of a minister of the gospel who lives outside the city, and on the list of one of the city's benevolent institutions as an applicant for the patronage of young women who were seeking respectable rooming places."

This shameful record of the one great city of the state was but the out crop. ping evidence of other and greater dangers and enemies to social order and the due execution of the laws. This demoralization of the public conscience soon passed beyond the phase of private immorality to that open defiance of the laws to protect the lives and liberties of decent and law-abiding people. Public officials were either bribed or cowed and bullied into silence in the presence of rape, robbery and murder. To such an extent were these outrages carried that the governor of the state, Oswald West, was compelled to invoke the last resort of his power and authority under the state constitution, and demand that the laws be honestly and vigorously enforced, or the officials set to do that duty must be removed from office. This demand was made upon the mayors of Huntington and Madras; and upon the sheriff and district attorney of Multnomah county. The sheriff failing to act, the governor issued a proclamation of martial law, as follows:

General Orders No. 20

Headquarters Oregon National Guard, Adjutant-General's office, Portland, Oregon, July 1, 1912.

The following proclamation is published for the information and guidance of all concerned:

By the Governor of the State of Oregon-A proclamation:

Whereas, it appears that a certain roadhouse, inn or tavern, located near Milwaukie, Clackamas county, Oregon, and known as the "Milwaukie Tavern, for some time and is now being maintained, conducted and operated without due regard for the laws of decency or the laws of this state, much to the discomfort and embarrassment of good people living in that vicinity and to the detriment of the whole state, and

Whereas, it appears that local officials charged with the enforcement of the laws of this state are either unable or unwilling to perform that duty; and

Whereas, the governor is charged by the constitution with the duty of seeing that the laws of this state are duly enforced and is authorized to call out the militia to assist him in the performance of that duty; now, therefore,

I, Oswald West, as governor and commander-in-chief of the militia of the state of Oregon, having found it necessary to call out the military forces of the state to assist in the enforcement of law, do hereby proclaim and establish martial law in, on and about the said premises and until further notice the said.

premises and tavern will be under the control of the military authorities of the state and all persons are warned not to frequent the said tavern or trespass upon the said premises.

Done at Salem, Oregon, this first day of July, 1912.

OSWALD WEST,

Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Military Forces of the State of Oregon. Attest: W. E. FINZER, Adjutant-General.

By Order of the Commander-in-Chief,

W. E. FINZER, The Adjutant-General."

Under the above order a high and impassable fence surrounding the "roadhouse" was torn down by the national guardsmen, and the house taken possession of and held until the owner yielded obedience to the governor and entered into an agreement to conduct his place in a decent and law abiding manner.

After this, on August 27, 1912, the governor removed from office George Cameron, district attorney for Multnomah county, because the said Cameron had, in the judgment of the governor, been derelict in enforcing the laws against crime in said county and appointed to take said office Mr. Walter H. Evans.

CHAPTER XXII

1843-1912

THE EVOLUTION OF LAWS, CONSTITUTIONS AND POLITICS-THE UNDERLYING PRINCIPLES AT STAKE AT OLD CHAMPOEG THE POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY DOCTRINE THAT OVERRULED ALL OTHERS-TAXATION, PROHIBITION AND SLAVERY-THE RISE OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY-THE CONTEST BETWEEN THE PROGRESSIVES AND CONSERVATIVES OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY THE CIVIL WAR PERIOD LEADERS, BOSSES, AND CORRUPT PRACTICES FINALLY PRODUCING POPULISM, DIRECT

PRIMARY AND DIRECT LEGISLATION

The beginning of human society in all ages, and in all parts of the world has already been a subject of profound interest to all reading and thinking persons. The unceasing drift of the centuries which has carried the leading race of mankind continuously around the earth with its face to the west, and its back to the rising sun, while producing the vigorous and aggressive nations of the world, shows also the varying influences of environment. Transplanted to the western hemisphere, the Caucasian is not the same man on the St. Lawrence that he is on the Hudson, and not the same in Virginia that was developed in Massachusetts. And confronted by the savage foes of the Ohio valley the Scotch-Irishman is not the same man that raised his oats and turnips in Scotland or mined his peat and roasted his potatoes in Ireland. And passing over the dividing line between the "east" and the "west"-"The tall and pillared Alleghenies," is found a people in the great valley of the Ohio and Mississippi as diverse in thoughts and inclinations as was ever Puritan and Cavalier. The modern Ben Franklin (Horace Greeley) achieved a great reputation he little deserved in reiterating the advice "Go west young man! go west; and grow up with the country." The American man was going west, and still further west to Oregon, before the sage of the Tribune promulgated his panacea for hard times and sure fortune. It took the Teutonic tribes of ancient Germany fifteen hundred years to work their conquests of time and space across to England and down to the south end of the Spanish peninsula. And after Columbus had spanned the Atlantic, and England and Spain had made peace and divided up the New World between the royal sovereigns in 1606, it took one hundred and sixty years for the English colonists to possess and hold the region between the Atlantic ocean and the Ohio valley. But after the "Go West Americans" had thrown off the British yoke, and achieved their freedom to go west, they covered the great space between the Allegheny mountains and the Missouri river-four or five times the area between Philadelphia and Pittsburg-in less than 25 years. And after planting their stakes west of the Missouri and raising a few crops of corn, they loaded up their wagons, hitched up their oxen and cleared the remainder of the

way to the Pacific, two thousand miles, and founded a new state in a single year. Whatever lesson there is in this unparalleled achievement in the history of the world, must be found, if it can be discovered, in an examination of the lives, character and conduct of the men and women who wrought this great work.

When the pioneers met at old Champoeg on the banks of the Willamette on May 2, 1843, they were impelled to decisive action by two overmastering sentiments-first, that of implacable hostility to control of Oregon by the English government; and, second, the vital necessity of organization for the sake of mutual protection in a wild Indian country two thousand miles from help by kinsmen or nationality. That there was hostility to the rule of the Catholic priesthood there can be no doubt. But there is no evidence that there was any objection to settlers of the Catholic religion-the French Canadians. And the opposition to the Catholic priesthood did not arise out of the question of religion, but out of the fact that the priests were supposed to be in the pay of the Hudson's Bay Company, and assisting that company, to make Oregon a British province like Canada. There was manifest jealousy and opposition between the Protestant and Catholic missionaries arising out of the control of the Indians; but this feeling was not participated in by the great mass of the American settlers. And the fact, that upon seeing the Americans successful in organizing a provisional government, the Canadians promptly expressed a willingness to join hands in supporting that government, and the Americans as promptly amended the oath of allegiance to allow the Canadians to take active part in the government, shows, that as between the actual bona fide settlers of the country there was genuine friendship and a unanimity of sentiment to maintain the provisional government.

And while it is the fact that the French Canadian (Catholic) farmers did come in and support the provisional government, it is equally true that the Catholic clergy and the Hudson's Bay Company did not support it. Dr. McLoughlin recognized the provisional government by applying to it for ferry franchises and other considerations; but whether he would have done so if he had not been the claimant of the Oregon city townsite, is not clear. As represented by the ruling power in London the Hudson's Bay Company cared nothing for the Catholics, their religion or their church. But as the priests could control the Indians and keep them at work hunting furs and trading them to the company, it became the settled policy of the fur company to favor the Catholics and subsidize their ministers of religion. This close relation between the fur company and the Catholic church aroused the opposition of both the Methodists and the missionaries of the American Board, drove McLoughlin into the membership of the Catholic church, and aroused the bitterness that resulted in wrongfully depriving McLoughlin of his just title to the Oregon city land claim.

It may be asked why the Protestant ministers, being first in the Oregon mission field, did not secure the confidence of the Indians. They certainly did a great work for the Indians in the way of teaching beneficial knowledge and opening of schools for Indian children, and submitted to great personal sacrifices in that respect. Why did not the Methodist and American Board missions sueceed as well as the later coming Catholics? The reason is plain. The Protestant missionaries attempted to teach the Indians theological ideas they could not comprehend. They sermonized and printed books. They opened farms and

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