Line 1: souvenance, a more poetic and less precise form than souvenir (last stanza).

Line 14: la Dore, a small stream near the centre of France.

Line 17: airain, lit. brass, here a synonym for cloche (bell). Page 128. LE CHIEN DU LOUVRE. Jean-François-Casimir Delavigne (1794-1843) is known as a lyric and dramatic poet. He first distinguished himself by his Messéniennes (1818), a series of political poems against the Restoration. Several tragedies and comedies followed. He wrote several Chants populaires, of which the present ballade is one. Le Chien du Louvre refers to the Revolution of 1830. which resulted in the abdication of Charles X. Numerous barricades were erected in the streets of Paris, and the palace of the Louvre, which was defended by the king's troops, was taken by the insurgents. Line 10 son ami, i. e., the dog.

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Page 129, 1. 1: qui roule, passing by. Cf. phrases like je l'entends qui vient, I hear him coming. Cf. also 1. 19, next page

Line 4: l'oreille basse, with drooping ear.

Line 7: fosse, grave; also pit, large hole. It is derived from Latin fossam (pp. of fodere, to dig), and so means properly a hollow that has been dug out. The dim fossette means a dimple. Cf. Eng. lish fosse, fossil.

Line 8: Blessé de juillet. The Revolution of 1830 is also known as la révolution de juillet, because it occurred in the month of July of that year.

Line 15: ennui (from Latin in odio), here in its earlier and stronger meaning of grief.

Line 16: attire, beckons.

Line 20:,d'humides étincelles, drops of dew.

Line 22: se dresse, straightens up, stands erect. Note that the first meaning of this word (English dress) is to make straight, from Latin *directiare (directus), to make direct.

Line 26 frissonne, quivers, trembles.

Page 131. LA BARQUE. - Madame Amable Tastu (1798-1885) holds a very prominent place among the modern female poets of France. Her verse is noted for its grace, simplicity, and purity. The lines from Petrarch (1304-1374) mean: A frail bark, I find my

self in the open sea without a rudder. The sense of the original context is slightly different.

Line 11: Nacelle. Barque and nacelle are both used of fishermen's boats. The latter suggests more particularly the idea of frailness.

Page 132. SOUVENIRS D'UN VIEUX MILITAIRE. - Paul-Émile Debraux (1798-1831) is known as a popular song writer. Many of his pieces had a great success, and compare favorably with those of Béranger.

Page 133, 1. 1: les Pyramides, allusion to the campaign of Bonaparte in Egypt (1798).

Line 9: Ibérie, Spain. Napoleon's difficulties with Spain began in 1808.

Lines 11-13. These lines refer to the campaign of Prussia in 1806. Lines 15-22; allusion to Napoleon's Russian campaign in 1812. Line 24: descendit au cercueil, sank into the grave; allusion to the humiliation of France after the fall of Napoleon.

Line 25: Lutèce, Latin Lutetia, a city of Gallia Lugdunensis, now Paris.

Page 134, 1. 2: Bellone, Latin Bellona, goddess of war among the Romans, sister or wife of Mars

Line 7: l'ami. The definite article is sometimes, in intimate and familiar style, placed before a noun used vocatively; cf. ' Faites comme moi, l'ami, et vous deviendrez riche comme moi.

MA NORMANDIE. - Frédéric Bérat (1800-1855), known as a poet and musician, was born at Rouen (in Normandy). He wrote large numbers of songs and set them to music. His native Normandy was. his theme. Ma Normandie met with great success and became one of the most popular songs of the time. More than 30,000 copies of it were published.

Page 135. LE Joueur d'orguE. - Charles-Augustin Sainte-Beuve (1804-1869) is celebrated chiefly as a critic. He was a very learned and skilful defender of the Romantic school, and is called the critic of that school. His method was to judge an author in connection with his surroundings. He was also the author of several collections of The present poem is taken from his Pensées d'août. Line 15 humidement versés, bathed in dew.

verse.

Line 18: portière, coach-door. The word also means 'portière' and portress.

Line 19 rejoints, caught up with.

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Line 21 fardeau. Fardeau was in the earlier language fardel, from which came the English word (cf. Shak. Hamlet, III. 1. 76). Faix (last line of poem) is a synonym of fardeau.

Line 9: continuais. Compare use of tense with that of pensai-je above (1. 3). Cf. also use of tenses in l. 12, 13 below. - coin, i. e., of the diligence.

Line 15 eût. Si is sometimes followed by the pluperfect sub. junctive, especially in rhetorical style; cf. ‘Si j'eusse (for j'avais) cu de l'argent, je vous aurais payé? Or si may be omitted with inversion; e. g., Fût-il à cent lieues d'ici, j'irais le chercher?

Line 22: chétifs, wretched.

Cf. meanings of English caitiff, which is the same word (Latin captivum). Cf also captif, English captive.

Line 23 sans replis, without stint.

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Page 137, 1. 1: tomber, here as subst., at the fall of a clear stream. LA FERMIERE. Hégésippe Moreau (1810-1838) was a poet of rare ability, but of a brief and unfortunate career. His poverty and misery were reflected in le Myosotis, a collection of elegies published in 1838. His poems of country life take a high rank. The present Romance was sent as a New Year's remembrance (1836) to Mme. Guérard (of the farm of Saint-Martin, near Provins, southeast of Paris), who two or three years before had kindly entertained him when recovering from an illness. Étrenne (commonly used in plur.) comes from Latin strenam, a sign, omen, and then a New-year's present.

Line 15: bahut, a kind of old-fashioned cupboard or sideboard. Line 19: en marche, on again!

Page 138, 1.19-20: fils blancs de la Vierge Marie, or fils de la Vierge, commonly means air-thread, gossamer, so called because these webs were regarded as remnants of the neck-cloth of the Virgin Mary, which she had worn in the grave and dropped to the earth as she ascended to heaven.

Page 139. LE REPOS DU SOIR.

Pierre Dupont (1821-1870) ranks high among contemporary chansonniers. His songs, while they have not the polish of those of Béranger, are simple and natural, and display much feeling.

Page 140, 14: mangeoire, English manger, derivative of manger, to eat, from Latin manducare.

Line 25 un doigt de vin, i. e., une très petite quantité de vin; doigt, from Latin digitum (English digit), cf. note to l. 22, p. 97. Line 26 figure, face, countenance.

THE END,