Mary Stuart is a character much celebrated in literature; cf. tragedies by Alfieri and Schiller.

Line 14: pays, compare with patrie (1. 18).

Page 32, 1. 8: les lis, that is, the crown of France, the lily being the emblem of French royalty.

Line 21 Dans l'inculte Calédonie, 'In Scotland's rugged clime.' In the next line le cours is subject.

Page 33, 1. 8: regards, looks, eyes. Cf. meanings of English regard, also French égard. Cf. the English word reward (= regard). Several Germanic words which came through the Old French into the English have there retained an original w, which was in French changed to g (or gu); and the form in g was likewise in some cases transferred later into English. The origin of the present word is Old High German warta. Cf. English warrant = French garant (Old French warant).

Line 10: vogue, is sailing. Voguer is of German origin, and contains the idea of movement; cf. Modern German wogen and English in vogue.

LES OISEAUX. - Antoine-Vincent Arnault (1766-1834, poet and fabulist), to whom les Oiseaux was addressed, was exiled in 1816 by the Bourbons (and recalled in 1819). Béranger, in Ma Biographie, says of the circumstances: "En 1816, au mois de janvier, Arnault, banni, quitta la France, et nous le conduisîmes jusqu'au Bourget, qui était pour ainsi dire alors la limite du royaume, le reste étant, de ce côté-là, placé sous l'occupation étrangère. Le soir, dans une chambre d'auberge, à table avec un jeune officier de gendarmerie chargé de veiller sur cette frontière, et qui déplorait les malheurs de la patrie, je chantai au pauvre proscrit la chanson des Oiseaux, tristes adieux, suivis d'adieux plus tristes encore." Page 34, 1. 13: Oiseaux, etc., alluding to the French retained in France by duty or other motive.

Line 23: vieux chêne, here a type of France.

Page 35, 1. 4: eût, subjunctive, with force of conditional. Socrates is said to have worn the same garment winter and summer Line 5: mince, worn, threadbare.

Line 17: reprise, patch, darn, a participial subst. from reprendre, Latin reprendere.

Line 23: Lisette, dim. form of Lise above (1. 19).. a mis, spent, took.

Page 36, 1. 2: en se mirant, before his glass'; mirer, from Latin mirari, to wonder at, to admire: cf miroir, English mirror.

Line 5: Pour des rubans, etc., alluding to the system of honorary decorations established by Bonaparte in 1802, as a means of recompensing civil and military services. The name given to the order was the Legion of Honor. Béranger would never accept any such distinction; in place of a ribbon he put a flower in his button-hole.

Line 14 Mettre... habit bas, i. e., mourir.

LA SAINTE ALLIANCE DES PEUPLES. - Liancourt, to the north of Paris, between that city and Amiens. Le Duc de la Rochefoucauld (1747-1827), a liberal French peer and philanthropist.

L'évacua

tion du territoire français, by the allied armies, which had held possession of the principal fortresses of France during the three years following the Restoration of Louis XVIII. in 1815.

Page 37, 1. 3-4: "Nations, unite to form one holy band

And join ye hand in hand." YOUNG.

Page 38, 1. 5: conjurez, avert.

Line 11: accords, sound, strains.

Line 14: hymen, union.

Line 20: L'automne en fleurs, the flowering autumn.

"Dans

le dernier couplet, l'auteur n'omit point de parler de la beauté extraordinaire de l'automne de 1818. On vit dans beaucoup d'endroits des arbres fruitiers refleurir comme au printemps." (Note de Béranger.) Page 39. Les Enfants de la France. - "On a souvent accusé Béranger de se laisser dominer par l'esprit de parti. Jamais reproche ne fut moins fondé. Le bonheur de la France avant tout,' tel était le fond de sa politique. Au commencement de 1819, une espérance d'amélioration parut saisir tous les hommes amis du pays. Le poëte se laissa aller à cette douce espérance, et cette chanson en porte l'empreinte. Mais Béranger ne dut point oublier les outrages que l'Angleterre fit subir à sa patrie: aussi, à propos d'une riche exposition de peinture, rappelle-t-il la spoliation du Musée." (Note de Béranger.)

Line 9 te faire absoudre (de), to resign.

Line 21. The reference is to the following: At the downfall of Napoleon the allies insisted upon the restoration to their former owners of the choice pictures and statues which had been stolen in Italy and carried to Paris to enrich the palace of the Louvre. Béranger calls this restoration a vol.

Page 41. Les Hirondelles. - This song represents a French soldier, 'bowed beneath a Moorish chain,' interrogating the swallows to learn from them what is taking place in France and at his home. Hirondelle is strictly a dim. term; its basis is the old form hironde, (Latin hirundinem, swallow).

Line 15: chaumine, is a peasant's hut, a poorer structure than chaumière (cf. p. 5, l. 14), though both derive their name from being covered with chaume (thatch).

Page 42, 1. 3: aux noces conviée, 'bidden to the nuptials.' LAFAYETTE EN AMÉRIQUE. In 1824 Lafayette revisited the United States, where he was welcomed with enthusiasm and grateful recognition of his services in the cause of the American Revolution. Page 43, 1. 15: Olmutz, town in Austria where Lafayette was imprisoned in 1794.

Line 18: Par un héros, that is, Washington.

Line 21: que, when.

Page 44, 1. 1: L'arbre sacré, the sainted tree; cf. 1. 20, p. 43. LES SOUVENIRS DU PEUPLE. - This song, one of the most popular of the author's political chansons, celebrates the praises of the Emperor Napoleon.

Lines 13-14 These lines have been translated by Young as follows:

“Ay, many a day the straw-thatched cot

Shall echo with his glory!"

Line 18: vieille, old dame.

Line 20 veille, evening. In the next line bien que means although.

Page 45, 1.1: grand'mére. In this expression, as in a few other similar ones (grand'chose, grand' messe, grand' peine, grand'route, etc.), there is no historical ground for writing the apostrophe after grand. Without it the word would be the normal development of a Latin adjective of one (masc. and fem.) termination (grandem). Formerly

grand was both masc. and fem. In the course of time a fem. grande was formed from analogy with adjectives of two terminations. But in a few cases which had become fixed expressions the original form has remained, and the apostrophe is wrongly written, as if a mute e had been elided.

Line 5 ça, familiar contraction for cela. The line means: That was a long while ago.

Line 6. Entrer en ménage means to begin house-keeping.

Line 11: me troublại, became confused.

Line 16 pauvre femme, poor soul.

Line 19: Notre-Dame, the cathedral, begun in the twelfth century.

Line 25. Napoleon married in 1810 the Princess Maria Louisa of Austria. By her he had a son (b. 1811) who received the title of 'King of Rome." The prince died in 1832.

Page 46, 1. 1: Champagne, one of the former provinces of France, to the east of Paris; forms to-day several departments; was called Champagne on account of its extensive plains. The name of the wine is masc., vin being understood. Champagne and campagne (1.4) are properly the same word, the latter belonging primarily to the dialect of Picardy, in the north of France (cf. champ and camp). The Latin original was Campania, a province in Italy, later used as common noun meaning a plain. The references in this stanza and the following one are to incidents in the year 1814, when the empire was invaded on all sides by the allied powers of Europe. Champagne was occupied, and was the scene of contests between Napoleon and the invaders. In April he was hastening to Paris when he learned of its capitulation.

Line 4: tenir la campagne, to keep the field.

Line 9 s'assoit; the more usual form is s'assied.

:

Line 15: pain bis, brown bread; pain, from Latin panem; Latin a before a nasal changes to ai in French; cf. manum > main, famem > faim.

Line 19: Bonne espérance!

'Cheer up!'

Line 21: Sous Paris, i. e., before Paris, "neath Paris' walls?'

Line 27: Le, i. e., son verre.

Page 47, 1. 1-2. The act of crowning was not literally performed

by the pope. The ceremonies took place (on Dec. 2, 1804) in the cathedral of Notre-Dame, where Pius VII., having made the journey to Paris, appeared in order to crown Napoleon; but Napoleon took the crown from the pope's hands and placed it himself upon his own head. He died at Saint-Helena May 5, 1821, at the age of fifty-two. His remains were brought to France in 1840, and entombed at Paris under the dome of the Hôtel des Invalides.

LE TOMBEAU DE MANUEL. — Jacques-Antoine Manuel (1775-1827), a French orator and republican noted for his upright character, was a friend of Béranger, to whom the latter was deeply attached. Their intimacy dated from 1815. Béranger was buried, according to his wish, in the same grave as Manuel. On the tomb in the cemetery of Père-Lachaise at Paris, beneath the inscription, Béranger Poëte national, né à Paris le 19 août 1780, mort le 16 juillet 1857, one reads, Je désire être inhumé dans le tombeau de mon ami Manuel. Dernières⚫ paroles de Béranger. In Ma Biographie, in speaking of the death of Manuel, Béranger says: "On parla d' élever un tombeau; mais . . . presque toutes les grosses bourses refusèrent de s'ouvrir, et l'on eut bien de la peine à recueillir neuf ou dix mille francs par souscription." Line 15: confidence; compare with confiance.

...

Line 17: vous l'allez oublier. This order was prescribed generally in Old French, the finite form of the verb being treated as a kind of auxiliary, and taking before it the pronoun logically belonging to the infinitive. In Modern French several verbs (faire, entendre, envoyer, laisser, sentir, voir) still conform to the rule of the earlier language, as je l'ai entendu dire, je le fais sortir. With vouloir, pouvoir. devoir, aller the same is sometimes the case, but more usual is vous allez l'oublier.

Page 48, 1. 1: tombeau. Tombeau and tombe (p. 47, 1. 18) when meaning tomb, tomb-stone, differ in that the former is commonly a more elaborate work of art. —sied, is fitting. Seoir, from Latin sedere (to sit) is defective as a simple verb; in the sense of fit, become (of clothes and the like), the third persons of some of the tenses are used. The compound form used reflexively, s'asseoir, is the more important, and is conjugated in full.

Line 9: Arcole, a village in Northern Italy, where the French commanded by Bonaparte gained a victory over the Austrians in