called carmagnole; to this circumstance is probably due the name of the song. There is in Piedmont a town by the name of Carmagnola, where the garment in question may have been originally worn.

This famous song is in a certain way a recital of the insurrection of August 10, and of its immediate consequences. Marie Antoinette is represented under the sobriquet of Madame Veto, and the king under that of Monsieur Veto. Of the thirteen stanzas which compose the song, eleven are here given. In singing, the first and second lines of each stanza are sung twice. The name of the author is unknown.

La Carmagnole enjoyed the same popularity as the Ça ira, was sung and danced on all occasions, at theatres and balls, as also around the guillotine, and thus became the ready signal and accompaniment of the bloody scenes of the period, until the time of the Consulate, when Bonaparte suppressed both these songs. La Carmagnole has been severely judged as exhaling an odor of blood and brutality. It was, like the Ça ira, a violent and impulsive song, rather than a patriotic ode. But it remains as a curious monument of popular sentiments and impressions prevailing at Paris in 1792, and is sung by the Parisian populace to-day side by side with la Marseillaise. Victor Hugo, in les Misérables, says, with his customary rhetoric (in speaking of the Parisien): "Il chante, c'est sa joie. Proportionnez sa chanson à sa nature, et vous verrez! Tant qu'il n'a pour refrain que la Carmagnole, il ne renverse que Louis XVI.; faites-lui chanter la Marseillaise, et il délivrera le monde."

Line 11: canonnié, instead of canonniers, on account of the rhyme. In 1. 2, p. 12, the same form occurs (for canonnier). Cf. also 1. 19, below: quartié for quartier. The same thing is occasionally met with in more recent poetry; thus dîné (for dîner) to rhyme with sonné.

Line 13: Vive. The pres. subj. of vivre is used in expressions of good wishes or in vigorous exclamation for English long live! hurrah for! for ever!

Line 21: Les Suisses. The Gardes Suisses were bodies of mercenary Swiss troops. They were employed as body-guards to the kings and for duty about the court. They were organized at Paris as early as 1616, and were very devoted to the interests of the Bourbons. In the present instance (August 10, 1792), they were, in large part,

massacred by the rabble, while in heroic defence of the palace of the Tuileries. They numbered about 2,000 men. Their heroism has been commemorated in Thorwaldsen's Lion of Lucerne, a colossal sculpture cut in the face of the rock near Lucerne. Since the fifteenth century it has been the custom in many European countries to employ these Swiss guards. The pope's body-guard at the Vatican is composed of Swiss mercenaries.

Page 11, 1. 3. In some versions the refrain is varied here by the line: Chantons notre victoire, etc.

Line 4: la tour, la tour du Temple, the prison of Louis XVI. and his family. It was the ancient stronghold of the Knights Templars, in Paris. Nothing remains of it to-day. An open square occupies the site. Tour (fem.) is from Latin turrem, acc. of turris. In the next line tour (masc.) comes from Latin tornum (a turner's wheel, a lathe), and so contains the idea of circular motion, revolution, English tour (cf. turn); faire demi-tour is a military expression, meaning to turn half-way round, to face in the opposite direction; demi-tour à droite (command), right about. The play is upon the two words la tour and le tour ; fair', to avoid an extra syllable in the line.

Line 9, allusion to works executed at the Temple to prevent the escape of the captives.

Line 15: Tous les bonnes gens. French grammar requires toutes here, which would make an extra syllable in the line. Usage prescribes tous les gens, tous les braves gens, but toutes les bonnes gens. Gens is plur. of gent (Latin gentem); it is in general treated as masc., but a preceding adjective of two terminations is put in the fem., as also tout before such adjective.

Line 21: vous. The indirect object-pronoun is often used in familiar language to indicate that the person speaking or spoken to is somewhat interested in the action. It is the ethical dative of the Latin.

Page 12, 1. 7: Nous les ferons sauter; faire sauter, to blow up (with powder).

Line 9: sans-culotte. Before 1789, the customary lower gar ment for Frenchmen was the knee-breeches or culottes. The republicans of the Revolution rejected these as belonging to the monarchical regime, and assumed the pantaloon as their distinctive garb.

Line 11: Marseillois. Such terminations were afterward written ai. The earlier orthography is used here on account of the rhyme. Line 12: Les Bretons, 'autres fédérés.'

Line 17: lurons. A luron is a jolly fellow, a bon vivant.

TOYEN.

Page 13. DÉCLARATION DES DROITS DE L'HOMME ET DU CIThe Declaration of Rights, first presented in the National Assembly by Lafayette, and modelled somewhat on the American Declaration of Independence, was adopted, after prolonged discussion and modification, on Aug. 26, 1789, under the form of seventeen heads or articles. It formulated those general truths from which all institutions should proceed, and was intended as a preamble to the constitution.

Thomas Rousseau, the author of the song, was a littérateur and ardent revolutionist, who died at Paris in 1800. He was known during the Revolution as one of the first members of the society of the Jacobins, and as the author of revolutionary pamphlets and songs. He published, among other works, les Chants du patriotisme (1792).

Line 4: aréopage, assembly; from the Greek. The Areopagus was a sovereign tribunal at Athens, so called from having been held on a hill sacred to Ares, or Mars.

Line 9 lois. Loi is derived from Latin legem; long accented e of the Latin becomes regularly oi in Modern French; cf. regem > roi, habere avoir. Droit (1. 11), when meaning law, is more general and inclusive than loi; droit municipal, municipal law, faire son droit (of students), to study law; droit is from Latin directum.

Line 10: sûre. Sûr, contracted from former seur, is derived from Latin securum, whence English sure, through the French; cf. English secure, which has been taken over directly from the Latin.

Line 12: Qu'il. Il refers to l'homme (1. 7). The thought here is based upon Art 2 of the Declaration of Rights, which reads: "Le but de toute association politique est la conservation des droits naturels et imprescriptibles de l'homme, la sûreté et la résistance à l'oppression."

Line 19 Paraguais, commonly spelled Paraguay, now one of the South American republics, to the south of Brazil and Bolivia.

Page 14, 1. 3-4. These lines are a paraphrase of the first part of Art. 1 of the Declaration of Rights. The Article reads: "Les

hommes naissent et demeurent libres et égaux en droits. Les distinctions sociales ne peuvent être fondées que sur l'utilité commune.” Lines 19-26. This strophe is based upon Art. 4 of the Declaration of Rights, which is as follows: "La liberté consiste à pouvoir faire tout ce qui ne nuit pas à autrui. Ainsi l'exercice des droits naturels de chaque homme n'a de bornes que celles qui assurent aux autres membres de la société la jouissance de ces mêmes droits. Ces bornes ne peuvent être déterminées que par la loi."

Page 15, 1. 1-8. The reference in this stanza is to Art. 10 of the Declaration of Rights, which reads: "Nul ne doit être inquiété pour ses opinions, même religieuses, pourvu que leur manifestation ne trouble pas l'ordre public établi par la loi." Notice, however, that the Declaration recognizes strictly only liberty of religious opinions, and not expressly liberty of worship. The insufficiency of this Article had been seen and combated against by Mirabeau.

Line 23: que, let, introducing subj. in next line.

Page 16, 1. 3: Goûter, from Latin gustare; cf. English gust (obs.), dis-gust, gusto, etc. As intransitive goûter means to take a luncheon, to lunch, though the verb luncher has now made its way into the vocabulary.

Line 19: gothiques, that which pertains to the Goths; then, by extension, that which belongs to the Middle Ages, and so, rude, barbarous.

Line 25: Du Rhin, to which the eastern boundary of France then extended.

Page 17, 1. 2: Mont-Blanc (the 'white mountain '), whose summit for a distance of 7,000 feet down is covered with perpetual snow, is the highest peak of the Alps, and with one exception the highest mountain in Europe. It is in the department of Haute-Savoie, France. Its height is 15,781 feet. The definite article is used before the name of a single mountain: so le Vésuve, Vesuvius.

Line 3: Plus de barrières, no more barriers; plus has negative meaning without ne, the verb being omitted.

Line 8: aux abois, at bay; être aux abois, to stand at bay, and then figuratively, to be hard up. Aboi is the bark of the dog (aboyer, to bark), then, in the plur., denotes the moment when the stag, closely pursued by the barking dogs, is reduced to the last extremity.

Line 9: conspire. The conspiracy alluded to was the hostile coalition of foreign powers against France, referred to above in introductory remarks to la Marseillaise (vid. p. 147).

Lines 15-22. In the fall of 1792, the French met with considerable success against the Austrians and Prussians. The campaign, which had opened with the invasion of Lorraine and Champagne, ended, in December, with the annexation of Nice and Savoy to France, and with the occupation of a portion of the Rhenish provinces and all Belgium. Later, however, reverses were numerous. Line 23. helvétiques, Swiss.

Line 25 provinces belgiques. An insurrection broke out in Belgium against Austrian rule in Dec. 1789 (it had been subject to Austria without interruption since 1748), and on Jan. 11, 1790, the Belgian provinces, with the exception of Luxembourg, proclaimed their independence under the name of 'United Belgium'; but in Nov. 1790, the rule of the Austrians was reestablished. At the battle of Jemmapes, Nov. 1792, the forces (raw levies) of the first French Republic, under Dumouriez, gained a decisive victory over the Austrian army, and occupied the Belgian territory, proclaiming there, as elsewhere, the sovereignty of the people and the abolition of existing authorities.

Page 18. LE BONNET DE LA LIBERTÉ. This was the cap adopted as the emblem of liberty by the French Revolutionists; and it has remained since as a symbol of the revoutionary spirit. It was known also as the Bonnet rouge and Bonnet phrygien. It was a long red woolen cap, usually falling over on the side of the head, similar to that worn by the ancient Phrygians. It attained lasting popularity during the crises of 1792 and 1793. It figured everywhere as emblem, - at the head of letters, on stamps and seals, on panels of carriages, as shirt-studs, etc The adoption of such a cap by the Revolution is probably not to be referred to the red head-gear of galley-slaves, from whom it has been claimed that the idea was borrowed, but rather to the fact that in ancient times the enfranchisement of slaves (who usually went bare-headed) was accompanied by their assumption of some similar head covering, and to the fact that, before the Revolution, a cap of this shape and color was already worn by the poorer class in several provinces. · Observe that bonnet never means a lady's bonnet, which is chapeau (de femme).