Concrete Mixture Proportioning: A Scientific ApproachThe design of concrete mixes is becoming increasingly complex, with the addition of new materials in the compounds, such as organic admixtures, fibres and supplementary cementitious materials. Moreover, the list of properties which concretes are required to possess for certain applications has increased, and interest is developing in rheology, durability, deformability and whole-life behaviour. This book presents a number of simple models for the understanding of a concrete system, and provides the techniques for developing more sophisticated models for the practical design of concrete mixes. |
Contents
Packing density and homogeneity of granular mixes | xvii |
112 Binary mix with total interaction | 3 |
113 Binary mix with partial interaction | 4 |
114 Polydisperse mix without interaction | 7 |
general case | 9 |
THE COMPRESSIBLE PACKING MODEL | 10 |
121 Compaction index and actual packing density | 11 |
122 Calibration of the model with binary data | 14 |
315 Elastic modulus | 224 |
316 Contribution to compressive strength | 225 |
317 Contribution to tensile strength | 226 |
318 Heat capacity | 227 |
322 Grading curve | 228 |
323 Residual packing density with and without admixture | 229 |
324 Bogue composition | 230 |
325 Strength vs time | 231 |
123 Validation with data of various origins | 25 |
13 EFFECT OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ON THE MEAN PACKING DENSITY | 36 |
132 Effect of fibrous inclusions | 39 |
14 GRANULAR MIXES OF MAXIMUM PACKING DENSITY | 43 |
142 Binary mixtures | 44 |
143 Ternary mixtures | 46 |
144 Optimal mixtures among a given grading span | 50 |
145 Effect of boundary conditions | 58 |
151 Some experimental facts | 59 |
filling diagram and segregation potential | 61 |
some simulations with the CPM | 67 |
16 SUMMARY | 71 |
Relationships between mix composition and properties of concrete | 75 |
211 The rheological behaviour of fresh concrete | 76 |
212 Plastic viscosity | 85 |
213 Yield stress | 93 |
214 Abrams cone slump | 98 |
215 Placeability | 104 |
216 Entrapped air | 107 |
217 Stability prevention of bleeding and segregation | 113 |
218 Simplified models for workability | 120 |
22 ADIABATIC TEMPERATURE RISE | 123 |
221 Heat capacity | 124 |
222 Degree of consumption of binders | 125 |
223 Heat of hydration | 129 |
224 Adiabatic temperature rise | 131 |
23 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH | 133 |
232 Effect of cement concentration on concrete compressive strength | 138 |
effect of the topology | 140 |
effect of the rock type de Larrard and Belloc 1997 | 145 |
235 Strength development vs time | 154 |
236 Contribution of pozzolanic admixtures | 156 |
237 Contribution of limestone fillers | 162 |
a general model of compressive strength | 167 |
24 TENSILE STRENGTH | 171 |
242 Effect of aggregate type | 174 |
25 DEFORMABILITY OF HARDENED CONCRETE | 175 |
the triplesphere model | 177 |
252 Elastic modulus | 182 |
253 Basic creep | 190 |
254 Total creep | 195 |
255 Autogenous shrinkage | 198 |
256 Total shrinkage | 202 |
effect of changes in mixdesign parameters on concrete deformability | 210 |
26 FACTORS AFFECTING CONCRETE PERMEABILITY | 211 |
261 Permeability and porosity | 213 |
262 Permeability and compressive strength | 215 |
THE VARIOUS TYPES OF GRANULAR SYSTEM TO BE CONSIDERED IN CONCRETE MIX DESIGN | 216 |
Concrete constituents relevant parameters | 220 |
312 Porosity and water absorption | 221 |
313 Size distribution | 222 |
314 Residual packing density | 223 |
326 Contribution to autogenous shrinkage | 232 |
33 MINERAL ADMIXTURES SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS | 233 |
331 Specific gravity | 234 |
333 Residual packing density with and without admixture | 237 |
34 PLASTICIZERSSUPERPLASTICIZERS | 241 |
342 Saturation curves of binderadmixture couples | 242 |
Mix design of concrete | 248 |
41 SPECIFYING A CONCRETE FOR A GIVEN APPLICATION | 249 |
412 Hardening concrete properties | 257 |
413 Hardened concrete properties | 259 |
414 Longterm concrete properties | 261 |
415 Some rules for setting up a list of specifications | 264 |
42 SOLUTION OF THE MIXDESIGN PROBLEM | 266 |
421 Analytical solution and general relationships | 267 |
discussion of the previous relationships | 279 |
423 Practical mixtureproportioning process | 287 |
424 Example | 290 |
431 Choice of the maximum size of aggregate MSA | 299 |
433 Continuously graded vs gapgraded concretes | 302 |
44 QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE BINDERS | 306 |
441 Use of limestone filler | 307 |
442 Use of fly ash | 309 |
443 Use of silica fume | 311 |
45 STABILITY OF CONCRETE IN AN INDUSTRIAL PROCESS | 315 |
452 Assessment by testing | 317 |
453 Assessment by simulation | 320 |
461 US method ACI 211 | 321 |
462 British method BRE 1988 | 325 |
463 French method Dreux 1970 | 327 |
464 Baron and Lesages method France | 330 |
Applications various concrete families | 334 |
52 NORMALSTRENGTH STRUCTURAL CONCRETE | 341 |
522 C25 for building | 344 |
53 HIGHPERFORMANCE CONCRETE | 346 |
531 Basic highperformance concrete | 347 |
532 Lowheat HPC for nuclear power plant | 349 |
533 Ultrastable HPC for composite bridge deck | 352 |
534 Ultrahighperformance mortar | 355 |
54 CONCRETES WITH SPECIAL PLACING METHODS | 358 |
542 Shotcrete wet process | 361 |
543 Selfcompacting concrete | 366 |
55 CONCRETES WITH SPECIAL COMPOSITION | 370 |
552 Highvolume fly ash concrete | 380 |
553 Sand concrete | 383 |
Conclusion | 387 |
RESEARCH NEEDS | 388 |
References | 391 |
List of symbols | 404 |
Flowchart for mixture simulation | 412 |
Index | 417 |
Other editions - View all
Common terms and phrases
28 days activity coefficient adiabatic temperature rise admixture aggregate fractions air content autogenous shrinkage binder calculated calibration cement content cement paste Civaux coarse aggregate coefficient compaction index composition compressive strength Compressive strength MPa concrete properties constituents creep deformation crushed decreases deformability elastic modulus equation experimental Figure filling diagram fly ash fresh concrete given in Table grading curve grading span grains granular mix hardened concrete high-performance concrete hydration increases kg/m³ Larrard limestone filler LWAC matrix maximum mean error measured minimum mix-design mixture proportions mortar optimal optimum Pa.s parameters particles phase placeability plastic viscosity porosity Portland cement pozzolans predictions produced range residual packing density rheological rheometer shotcrete shrinkage 10-6 silica fume simulations slump Specific gravity strength at 28 structure superplasticizer tensile strength tests total shrinkage unit volume vibration virtual packing density water content water/cement ratio workability yield stress
Popular passages
Page xi - Le second, de diviser chacune des difficultés que j'examinerais en autant de parcelles qu'il se pourrait et qu'il serait requis pour les mieux résoudre. Le troisième, de conduire par ordre mes pensées, en commençant par les objets les plus simples et les plus, aisés à connaître, pour monter peu à peu...
Page 401 - Studies of the Physical Properties of Hardened Portland Cement Paste.
Page 401 - Paillere, AM, Buil, M., and Serrano JJ, " Effect of fiber addition on the autogenous shrinkage of silica fume concrete", ACI Materials Journal, Vol.
Page x - For it is chiefly the lack of this conviction which today is paralyzing the hands of authority on both sides of the channel and on both sides of the Atlantic. [From the Forum, September 1932] THAT ELUSIVE EQUILIBRIUM (By RICHARD A. LESTER) A century ago Carlyle said : "Teach a parrot the phrases 'Demand' and 'Supply' and you have made a political economist.
Page 393 - Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Madrid, Spain, VM Malhotra, Ed., ACI SP-91, 1986, pp. 723-740. 3. ACI Committee 232, "Use of Fly Ash in Concrete", ACI Journal, September-October, Vol.