Note. The Second Conjunction is the actual coupler. The preceding word is only an assistant, and is really not a conjunction at all.

A number of words, which, taken together, have the power of joining, form a Conjunctional Phrase; as, inasmuch as, as well as, as if.

Note.-Such a group is often written as one word—nevertheless, howbeit, &c.

Conjunctions come from various sources, as may be seen by the following examples :

If-from gif-that is, give, Imperative of a Verb.
(Compare the Scotch gin, for given.)

Because, for by-cause, a Preposition and a Noun.
That and than, Demonstrative words.

Under the name Connectives we include all joining words— namely, Conjunctions, Prepositions, Relative Pronouns, Relative Adverbs.

Under the name Particles are grouped all words naturally incapable of inflection; namely—

1. Prepositions.

2. Conjunctions.

3. Adverbs not compared.

4. Interjections.

5. Yes and No.

6. Inseparable prefixes.

WORDS COMMON TO DIFFERENT CLASSES.

The way in which a word is used fixes the class, to which it ought to be assigned. used in different ways, it ing to each separate use. be used

1. As a Noun.
2. As an Adjective.
3. As a Verb

But, as the same word may be must get a different name accordFor example, the word calm may

A great calm fell on the sea.
It was a calm bright day.
I said it to calm his fears

There is considerable interchange of words among the three kinds-Adverb, Preposition, and Conjunction.

But is originally a Preposition, derived from the Imperative phrase be-cut-that is, take out, or except. It is also used as an Adverb and a Conjunction; as,

Prep.

All but him had fled = except.

Adverb. I have but three left = only.

Conj.

He heard it, but he heeded not.

For and Since are also Prepositions, Conjunctions, or Adverbs, according to their use.

Adv. I was called for.

Prep. Is that for me? Conj. He went, for he was ready.

I told him long since.
Since his arrival.

Since you are here, stay.

Above. Adverb. He lay above.

Prep. He was ranked above me.

Note.-A vulgar use of above as an Adjective, as the above remarks, is to be avoided.

In. Prep. I shall call in an hour.

Off.

No.

Adv. He could not hold in his horse.

Adv. or Prep. He fell off (his horse.)
Adj. The off leader strained his leg.

Adj. I have no silver.

Adv. In the answer no = not; He is no better.

As.

Conj. You may stay, as it is raining.

Adv. My book is as clean as yours.

Only. Adj. An only son.

Adv. I have only two.

Very. Adj. The very thing.
Adv. You are very late.

Then. Adv. I saw him then.

Conj. Am I then to stay?

Yet.

Conj. Though he slay me, yet will I trust him.
Adv. Are you sleeping yet.

With. Prep. Charles came with John.

Either.

Neither.

Conj. The side A, with two others, make a triangle. Strictly Adjectives of dual meaning, these words are used as Assistant Conjunctions.

Both.

However.

Meanwhile.

Moreover.

These Adverbs are frequently used as Conjunctions to introduce a new sentence or paragraph.

The Parsing of the Conjunction is exactly similar to that of the Preposition. In fact, strictly speaking, neither kind of word can be parsed at all.

THE INTERJECTION.

(From Latin inter, among, and jectus, thrown.)

It is so called, being thrown among other words, with which, however, it is quite unconnected in Syntax.

An Interjection is a word forced from the speaker by some sudden feeling; as,

Note 1.-Some Interjections, such as oh and ah, express different feelings according to the tone in which they are uttered.

Note 2.-Any of the leading parts of speech, uttered by itself, to express a sudden feeling, may be called an Interjection; as

1. Noun. Fool! do you think to blind me?

2. Adjective. Strange! I never saw him before.

3. Pronoun. What! to attribute the sacred sanction, &c. 4. Verb.

Hark! the lark at Heaven's gate sings.

These, however, are all capable of being parsed, which is not the case with the real Interjection: 1. is a Vocative; 2. qualifies a Noun understood, That is a strange thing; 3. is equivalent to What do you say? 4. is the Imperative.

Note 3.-Interjections are considered by some grammarians to be undeserving of a place among the Parts of Speech; since they are closely akin to the cries of the lower animals. They say that we might as well call a dog's bark, a cow's low, or a wolf's howl, a part of speech. Since, however, we have written words to express these sounds, wrung from us by sudden feeling, we are forced to rank them among the parts of our speech.

Note 4.-The phrase Ah me is easily explained by understanding a word like the Imperative pity between the Interjection and the Objective; as, Ah (pity) me.

Oh is the Interjection; O is the sign of the Vocative Case.

PART III.

OF SENTENCES.

(From Latin sententia, an opinion, from sentio, I feel.)

That part of Grammar, which treats of Sentences, is usually called Syntax (from Greek sun, together, and taxis, a putting in order.)

A Sentence is an arrangement of words, expressing the comparison of two ideas.

Note. That operation of the Mind, which Logicians call Judgment, consists in comparing two ideas together, and noting whether they agree or disagree with each other. A judgment expressed in words is therefore the shortest definition of a Sentence assertive, or Proposition. This may be either affirmative or negative.

Every sentence consists of two parts-the Subject and the Predicate.

The SUBJECT expresses what we are thinking of, and consists of the principal Nominative and all its dependencies except the Verb.

The PREDICATE expresses what we think about the Subject, and consists of the principal Verb and all its dependencies. Thus we divide a sentence as follows:

SUBJECT:-The city of Rome

PREDICATE :—grew up gradually on seven hills by the

Tiber.

Note.-In Logic a Proposition is said to consist of two terms, the Subject and the Predicate, joined by the Copula, which expresses the act of Judgment. The Copula must be either is or is not. It is some