2. When the Participle in ing takes an Article, or some other modifying word, before it, it must be followed by a Preposition; as, The storming of Badajoz cost many thousand lives.

EXERCISES IN PARSING THE VERB.

The horse kicked him on the knee. Peter the Great founded the modern capital of Russia. Holland is made of Rhine mud. I was asked several questions. The stars, that twinkle, are called fixed stars. He was the greatest orator of his age. I went; but I found that he was gone. Your strength will fail, before you shall have written the letter. Jacob sod pottage. We have wrought hard to-day. Quoth he, "To-morrow may never come." I wist not, brethren, that he was the high priest. You certainly ought to beg his pardon. It has been raining heavily. He had to go to bed. The temple was burned to the ground. His cut finger bled for a long time. The sun rose, spreading its rays around. He had sung two songs, before I left the room. The horse drank too much water. Thou shalt be watched. Lovest thou me? To speak good English is worth some pains. To speak decidedly, you must not come. He promised to come. Were I he, I would lose my hand sooner than let the virus affect my body. So should I, were I Parmenio. If they have told the truth, he is much to blame. Having collected an army, Hannibal began his march. Nothing daunted, he struggled on. May I ask you, if that is the person? Letting I dare not wait upon I would. you think so? Soars thy presumption, then, so high? I do know him; and I tell you, he did say it. As I was going into town, I saw a man fall from a housetop he had been mending. The climbing moon and clustering stars gave

Do

ghostly light. He is tired of going there. Why do I yield to that suggestion, whose horrid image doth unfix my hair and make my seated heart knock at my ribs. What thou wouldst highly, that wouldst thou holily. Did I not say so? You did not. Said I not so? Come; let me clutch thee? I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. I might have been elected, had I chosen to apply. Ruth clave unto Naomi. Robin hath cleft the wand. Newton was born in Lincolnshire. We have borne the burden of the day. The man awoke, and bade them prepare breakfast. The knights the circle brake. He durst not speak. The bird had flown. The swollen water overflowed its banks. He ate the pears. He laid the book on the table; and it lay there for a week. The bee with honey laden. Heaven tempers the wind to the shorn lamb. Would that he were here. None that I know will be, much that I fear may chance. death will come, when he will come.

THE ADVERB.

Seeing that

The Adverb is used chiefly to describe or tell something about an action.

as,

Hence, as the word means, it is joined chiefly to a Verb;

He wrote quickly.
She danced gracefully.

Kinds of Adverb.

I. The principal Adverbs are those of Manner, describing how an action is done.

Adverbs of Manner, by far the largest class, are nearly always formed by adding ly to an Adjective of Description;

as in the examples given above. There are, however, some of a different form; as, thus, well, ill.

Note.-Care must be taken to distinguish Adverbs of Manner from Adjectives ending in ly, like comcly, kindly, daily, weekly. The latter are generally made from Nouns or Verbs.

There are also Adverbs to express Time and Place, these being important circumstances in the description of an action.

Adverbs of Time.-Point of Time; as, now, then, soon, ago,

&c.

Length of Time; as, always, ever, awhile, &c.

Adverbs of Place.-Rest; as, here, there, above, in, &c. Motion; as, off, thence, backwards, &c.

Note. Many Adverbs of Place are used also as Prepositions; as, Come in; You are in the house. Care must be taken by a student to note the use of the word, before he assigns it to a class.

Classifying Adverbs according to their meaning, we have, besides those of Manner, Time, and Place, Adverbs of Number and Order, of Certainty and Doubt, of Degree and Quantity; as,

NUMBER. Once, twice, thrice; often, seldom, sometimes, &c. Note.-These may be considered Adverbs of Time.

ORDER. First, secondly, lastly, &c.

CERTAINTY. Truly, surely, not, &c.

DOUBT.

DEGREE.

Perhaps, probably, &c.

Very, pretty, almost, scarcely, only, more, &c. QUANTITY. Much, enough, entirely, half, too, &c.

Note.-Yes and no, which are usually called Adverbs of Certainty, being incapable of standing beside . Verb, must be considered as peculiar words, rather Adverbs than anything else, and yet not Adverbs in the strict sense of the term.

E

Some Adverbs, especially those of Degree and Quantity, are used to qualify Adjectives and other Adverbs; as, The day was extremely wet; This is too red; He spoke very feebly; It is pretty well done.

The Prepositional Group—that is, a Preposition, its governed Noun, and the intervening Adjectives, or other modifying words-is equivalent in meaning to an Adverb;

as,

The house stood on the hill
He wrote it in an hour

= Adverb of Place. = Adverb of Time.

She listened with wonderful patience = Adverb of Manner.

Nearly all Adverbs can be expanded into this form; as,

Note. The Compound Adverbs ashore, aboard, &c., are prepositional groups, in which the preposition is joined to its noun. A number of words which, taken together, are equivalent to an Adverb, form an Adverbial Phrase; as, step by step.

II. When we classify Adverbs according to their origin or their use, we find amongst others two important classes, which may be called Demonstrative Adverbs and Relative Adverbs.

1. The Demonstrative Adverbs, many of which are monosyllables beginning with th, have a pointing force, and may be expanded (see last example) into phrases containing a Demonstrative Adjective.

The principal words of this class are:-Here, hither, hence -there, thither, thence then, thus, therefore.

2. The Relative Adverbs, nearly all of which begin with wh, resemble the Relative Pronouns in having the power of connecting clauses. They stand at the head of the clauses, to

which they belong, and may be expanded into phrases containing a Relative Pronoun.

The principal words of this class are :-Where, whither, whence, when, how, why, wherefore.

The Relative Adverbs are used to ask questions. As in the case of the Relative Pronouns, when similarly used, we can explain this interrogative use at once by supplying the omitted Imperative; as,

When did he go? = Tell me | when he did go?

Note. Most of the Relative Adverbs have correspondents among the Demonstratives. They go in pairs; as, When, then-where, there— whence, thence, &c.

Note. In everyday speech we use here and there for hither and thither; as, Come here; He went there to-day.

OLD-FASHIONED ADVERBS. A number of Compound Adverbs, such as herein, whereby, withal, hereto, &c., are now, except in legal deeds, solemn language, or poetry, out of date.

To these we may add :

Eftsoons; a Genitive Case.

Needs; as, I must needs go, also a Genitive.

Fain; as, I would fain tell you.

Erst superlative of ere.

Whilom; an old Dative Case.

Adverbs of Manner, and a few others, like soon and often,

are compared like Adjectives; as,

Pos. Quickly. Comp. More quickly.

Often.

Oftener.

Sup. Most quickly.

Oftenest.