altogether neglect his studies, "frequently," as his memorialist expresses it, "holding his musquet in one hand and his book in the other, and making the watchings of a soldier the lucubrations of a scholar." He continued in the service of the crown till the end of the war, when, finding the republican party triumphant, he retired to his college. Here he was appointed to the office of censor of the college, and was employed as private tutor to several students. At this time, when the decided part he had taken in defence of the unsuccessful cause cut him off from all present prospect of ecclesiastical preferment, he entered into holy orders. Still true to the party he had espoused, and courageous in its support, he signed the decree and judgment passed in the university of Oxford against the solemn league and covenant. The consequence was, that he shared the fate of those members of the university who could not persuade themselves to submit to the new authorities, and was, by visitors from the parliament, proscribed and banished from Oxford. The visitors refused him a short respite, which he solicited for settling his affairs, for a singular reason assigned by one of their number, "because he was an eminent man." The indulgence he requested was, however, conceded by the governor of the town, lieutenant-colonel Kelsy.

During the depression of the royalists, Allestry found a secure retreat at first in the family of the honourable Francis Newport, Esq. in Shropshire, to whom he was chaplain, and by whom he was sent over to France to settle the affairs of his father lord Newport; and afterwards in that of sir Anthony Cope in Oxfordshire, which he made his stated residence for several years. The friends of Charles II. who were secretly preparing the way for his restoration, had such entire confidence in the known abilities and tried fidelity of Allestry, that they frequently employed him in conveying messages to the king. After several successful expeditions of this sort, on his return from Flanders in the summer before the restoration, he was seised at Dover by a party of soldiers, and, upon examination before a committee of the council of safety, was sent prisoner to Lambeth-house, the common jail for the king's friends, in which he suffered a dangerous illness. After a few weeks' confinement, by the interest of the earl of Shaftesbury, who highly respected him, he obtained his release. Paying a visit at this time to his relations in Shropshire, he hoped, on his return, to have seen his friend the learned and worthy doctor Hammond at his house at Westwood near Worcester, but had the affliction to

meet at the gate his body carrying to the burial: he received, however, by his will a testimony of esteem in the legacy of his valuable library, accompanied with this reason for the bequest; "well knowing that in his hands they would be useful weapons, for the defence of that cause he had during life so vigorously supported.".

Soon after the restoration of Charles II. Allestry returned to Oxford, and took the degree of doctor in divinity. His faithful services and sterling meritdid not remain unrewarded. He was made a canon of Christ Church, and, upon a vacancy in the divinity chair, was chosen regius professor. In 1665 the king_conferred upon Allestry the provostship of Eton-college; a benefice, which he appears to have accepted less on account of its emolument than to prevent the irregularity of its falling into lay-hands. That he was not distinguished by higher preferment, appears to have been wholly owing to his moderation, or rather indifference to wealth, of which he gave a singular proof in neglecting to renew the patrimonial estate which he held by lease for life. His munificence was displayed, in an exemplary retrenchment of his dues as provost of Eton college, in order to redeem the debts occasioned by former negligence and profusion; in erecting at his own expense the west side of the outward court of Eton College; and the grammar-school in Christ-church College; and in several settled pensions on indigent persons and families, as well as occasional charities. Having no call from domestic connections to accumulate property, he expended his income liberally, and is said never to have purchased an inch of ground or any lease or annuity. In 1679, Allestry, finding his health declining, resigned the professorship of divinity, which he had filled with reputation seventeen years; and, in 1681, a dropsy terminated his life. He left a valuable library to his college. Allestry is spoken of by his original biographer, as a man of uncommon talents and singular me rit. "Memory, fancy, judgment, elocution, great modesty and no less assurance; a comprehension of things, and fluency of words; an aptness for the pleasant, and sufficiency for the rugged parts of knowledge; a courage to encoun ter, and an industry to master all things, make up the character of his happy genius. There was not in the world a man of clearer honesty and courage: no temptation could bribe him to do a base thing, or terror affright him from the doing a good one. This made his friendships as lasting and inviolable as his life, without the dirty considerations of profit, or sly reserves of craft; not the pageantry of ceremonious address, or

cold civility, much less the servile falseness of obsequious flattery." Whatever different opinions may be entertained of Allestry's political principles, concerning the honesty and consistency of his character no doubt can remain. He appears to have been a hard student; for we are told, that after long continued study, his spirits were frequently so much exhausted, that he was in great danger of fainting. Of his literary talents, posterity is left to judge from a volume of sermons, forty in number, printed in folio at Oxford in 1684. In these sermons will be found an example of credulity, in the manner in which the author introduces and comments upon a marvellous story related in Mendez Ponto's Voyages, which we should scarcely have expected from so intelligent and learned a man as Allestry. The credulous character of the age furnishes, however, some apology for this fault; the sermons, in other respects, do no discredit to the memory of the author. The epitaph, inscribed on Allestry's monument in Eton chapel, is remarkable for its terseness and elegance. Wood, Athen. Oxon. Preface to Dr. Allestry's Sermons. Biog. Brit.-E.

ALLIX, PETER, an able defender of the Protestant faith, and a learned divine of the church of England, was born at Alençon in France, in the year 1641. He entered upon the clerical profession among the protestants in France, at a time when the edict of Nantes permitted the protestant clergy to exercise their functions, and was, till the thirty-fifth year of his age, minister of the reformed church at Rouen. During this time he wrote several pieces in the controversy between the papists and protestants on the subject of the eucharist, which obtained him great reputation among those of his own communion. From Rouen he removed to Charenton near Paris, to take the charge of the principal church of the reformed, frequented by persons of the first distinction among the French protestants. In this situation, Allix rendered essential service to the protestant cause, by preaching a course of excellent sermons in its defence. The principal object of these discourses was to repel the attack of the bishop of Meaux, who was one of the most ingenious and able opponents of the reformation. Twelve of these sermons were afterwards published in Holland, and increased the writer's reputation.

The impolitic and cruel revocation of the edict of Nantes, in the year 1685, interrupted this worthy man in his useful labours; and he sought refuge from persecution, with multitudes of his protestant brethren, by withdrawing from France and passing over into England. Here his

talents and learning, and his approved zeal for the reformed religion, procured him a welcome reception. Within three years after his arrival in England, he had made himself so perfectly master of the English language, as to be able to write, in very correct English, a Defence of the Christian Religion." The work, which was published in 1688, was dedicated to James II. in testimony of gratitude for his kindness to the distressed refugees; a circumstance, which, considering this monarch's strong predilection for popery, places his character in a singularly favourable light. In justice to his memory, as well as to give a specimen of the talents of Allix, we shall make an extract from this curious dedication." As your majesty continues. still to give such illustrious instances of your clemency and royal protection to those of our nation; so I confess, sir, I thought myself under an obligation to lay hold upon this opportunity of publishing what all those, who find so sure a protection in your majesty's dominions, feel and think, as much as myself, upon these new testimonies of your royal bounty. When your majesty had taken us into your particular care, and had granted us several privileges, and so made us sharers in all the advantages, which those who live under your government enjoy; your majesty did yet something more, and inspired all your subjects with the same compassion towards us, with which your royal breast was already touched. You saw our miseries, and resolved to give us case; and this generous design was executed; and your royal clemency diffused in the hearts of all your subjects. The whole world, sir, which has received upon all its coasts some remainders of our shipwreck, is filled with admiration of the unexampled effects of your majesty's clemency.-I could wish, sir, that this work which I now present to your majesty, might be so happy as to pass to poste-rity with this character of our acknowledgment, and that it might stand as a faithful record for, ever, to perpetuate the memory of that lively sense of your bounty, which is imprinted on all our hearts."

Soon after his arrival in England, Allix received the honour of the degree of doctor in divinity; an honour, to which his extensive theological learning, and his numerous and useful writings on subjects of divinity, had well entitled him: he, at the same time, received the more substantial reward of a beneficial office, as treasurer of the church of Salisbury. Allix, as champion for the protestant cause, continued his. literary labours in its defence, and, with much learning and ability, maintained, in opposition.

to the bishop of Meaux, that the protestants were not chargeable with heresy and schism, and retorted the charge upon the church of Rome, by showing, that while she had loaded others so freely with the opprobrium of heresy, she had herself introduced new articles of faith.

Having hitherto devoted his labours to the general defense of Christianity, and of protestantisin, Allix next undertook the task of supporting the doctrine of the Trinity against the Unitarians, who maintained that the notion of the divinity of Christ could be traced no higher than the time of Justin Martyr. With much display of erudition he attempted to prove, that the trinitarian doctrine was held by the ancient Jewish church. Towards the close of his life, when his reputation for learning and ability was well established, he brought upon himself some degree of ridicule, by the temerity with which he ventured, from his comments upon scriptural prophecies, to predict the time of the second coming of Christ, which he fixed to the year 1720, or, at the latest, to 1736. His studious life was protracted to the length of seventy-six years he died at London in the year 1717, leaving behind him numerous proofs of considerable talents, extensive learning, and great industry, as well as of zealous attachment to the Christian faith, to the protestant cause, and to the doctrines of the church of England. Allix wrote in Latin, on the subject of transubstantiation, "An Answer to a Dissertation of Father Anselm Paris," printed, at the end of Claude's Answer to Arnaud, in 8vo. at Quevilly, in 1670. In Latin and French," Ratramn, or Bertrand the Priest, on the Body and Blood of our Lord;" printed in 12mo. at Rouen, in 1672. In Latin, "Dissertations, or the First Rise of the Trisagium, or Doxology;" "On the Life and Writings of Tertullian;"" On the Authority of certain Councils," printed about the year 1680; "Anastasius's twelfth Book of Contemplations on the Creation," printed at London, in 1682. In French, "Twelve Sermons on several Texts," printed in 12mo. at Rotterdam, in 1685; "The Maxims of a good Christian," at Amsterdam, 1687; "St. Paul's Farewell to the Ephesians," Amsterdam, 1688. In English, "Reflexions upon the Books of the Holy Scripture, to establish the Truth of the Christian Religion," in two volumes 8vo. London 1688; "Remarks upon the Ecclesiastical History of the ancient Churches of Piedmont," in 4to. London, 1690; "Remarks upon the "Remarks upon the Ecclesiastical History of the ancient Churches of the Albigenses," in 4to, London, 1692; 4to, London, 1692;

"The Judgment of the ancient Jewish Church against the Unitarians," 8vo. London, 1689; "Preface and Arguments on the Psalms;" "The Prophecies which Mr. Whiston applies to the Times immediately following the Messiah's Appearance, considered," 8vo. London, 1707; Remarks on some Places in Mr. Whiston's Books," 8vo. London, 1711. In French, " Preparations for the Lord's Supper," Geneva. In Latin, "On the two Advents of the Messiah," 12mo. London, 1701; " Nectarius's Confutation of the Pope's Authority in the Church," 8vo. London, 1702; and, A & Dissertation on the Year and Month of the Birth of Jesus Christ," 8vo. London, 1707. Bayle bestows high encomiums upon Allix's writings; of his sermons he says, that they contain a thousand beautiful passages, equally strong in sentiment, and delicate in their turn of expression. Nouvelles de la Repub. des Lettres, tom. iii. v. vi. Wood's Fasti Oxon. Biogr. Brit. - E.

ALMAGRO, DIEGO DE, one of the conquerors of Peru, was a Spaniard of such mean extraction that he did not know his father, but took his name from the village where he was born, about 1463. After a youth spent in military service, he went over as an adventurer to the new world, and was settled and become wealthy in Panama, when, with Pizarro and de Luque, he made an association, in 1524, for discovery and conquest on the coast of Peru. The part that Almagro undertook, was the conducting of reinforcements and provisions to Pizarro, as he might need them in the prosecution of the enterprise. This task he performed in their first unsuccessful expeditions in 1525 and 1526. In 1531, Pizarro, furnished with full powers from Spain, sailed to the coast of Peru, leaving Almagro in his former office at Panama. At the end of the next year, Almagro followed with a supply of men nearly equal in number to those Pizarro had with him. The Inca Atahualpa was now in the hands of the Spaniards, and the sharing of his ransom caused a difference between the two leaders. They joined, however, in the execrable deed of trying and executing like a criminal the wretched Inca ; and Almagro is charged with having been the most urgent for his death. When the news of the success of these adventurers arrived in Spain, the promised honours were bestowed on them by the court; and Almagro was constituted Adelantado, or governor, with jurisdiction over two hundred leagues of country beyond the southern limits of the province assigned to Pizarro. These honours and privileges, however,

were the immediate cause of dissensions. Almagro attempted to scise Cuzco, the residence of the Incas, as being within his boundaries; in which he was opposed by Pizarro; and they were preparing to decide the dispute by the sword, when the brother of Pizarro, arriving from Spain, mediated a reconciliation. The condition of this was that Almagro should undertake the conquest of Chili. Accordingly, in 1535, at the head of five hundred and seventy Europeans, a great number to be collected beyond the Atlantic, he crossed the mountains, and, after suffering great hardships and losses, descended into the plains of that devoted region. Here he met with more resistance than had been experienced in the other countries invaded by the Spaniards; he had, however, made some progress, when he was recalled to Peru by the news of the investment of Cuzco and Lima by the natives, who had risen in a great body against their oppressors. Almagro, after a toilsome march along the sea-coast, arrived at Cuzco, resolved to occupy the place both against the Indians and his Spanish rivals. He repulsed with great slaughter an attack by the Peruvian army, and proceeded without farther interruption to the gates of Cuzco. Here he forced or gained admittance, and made prisoners two brothers of Pizarro who were in the place, and resisted him. This was the commencement of a civil war; the first event of which was highly advantageous to Almagro, who by skilful manoeuvres entirely routed a body of Spanish troops coming to the relief of Cuzco, and made prisoner of their commander Alvarado. But instead of improving his success by advancing to Lima against Pizarro, he returned to Cuzco, and there waited the approach of his rival. Pizarro, sensible of his own weakness, proposed an accommodation, and with great art protracted the negotiations, and worked upon the credulity of Almagro, till he was sufficiently in force to attack him openly. One of the Pizarros, with Alvarado, had escaped from prison, and Almagro, confiding in a pretended treaty, set the other at liberty; so that Pizarro was now free to act. He advanced to Cuzco, and met the troops of Almagro, who, disabled by age and infirmity, had resigned the command to Orgognez, though he was present with them. A fierce battle ensued, in which Almagro's army was defeated, and himself made prisoner. He was kept several months in custody, and at length brought to trial for high treason, and condemned to death. All his supplications for life, though abject, were vain; but he underwent his fate with manly firmness. He was

strangled in prison, and afterwards publicly beheaded, and his body was treated with all the ignominy of a common malefactor. He suffered in his seventy-fifth year, A. D. 1538. He left an only son by an Indian woman of Panama, whom, though then a prisoner at Lima, he appointed his successor in his government.

Almagro was a more amiable, though less able, man than his rival. He was brave, openhearted, liberal, unsuspicious, and well formed to gain the attachment of military adventurers, by whom he was generally beloved. He is also said to have acquired the confidence and affection of the poor Indians, who looked to him for protection against the stern and unfeeling Pizarro.

ALMAGRO the younger, the son abovementioned, was placed, after the death of his father, at the head of the party, and was highly esteemed for his courage, generosity, and accomplishments. He was defeated by Vaca de Castro, and, on being betrayed into his hands, was beheaded in Cuzco, A. D. 1542. Mod. Univ. Hist. Robertson's Hist. of America.-A.

ALMAIN, JAMES, a scholastic philosopher, who flourished at the beginning of the sixteenth century, was a native of Sens, and professor of divinity at Paris in the college of Navarre. He was a subtle logician, and deeply versed in abstruse metaphysics. The masters whom he chiefly followed were the profound Scotus and Occam. He was employed to write in favour of Lewis XII. against pope Julius II. and afterwards to vindicate the authority of the councils, against a treatise written by cardinal Cajetan. tan. He died very young, in the year 1515, and left a treatise on logic, entitled, "Consequentiarum Tractatus," printed at Paris in 1508; A Treatise on Physics," printed in 1505; "A Treatise on Ethics," printed in 1510; and various tracts in scholastic divinity: they were collected by Lugduneus, and published in folio at Paris in 1516. Dupin. Moreri. Bayle. Cav. Hist. Lit.-E.

ALMAMON, or Mamon, also called Abdallah, caliph of Bagdad, son of Haroun-al-Raschid, was born about A. D. 785. At the death of his father he was governor of Chorasan; and, though he soon found that his elder brother, Al Amin, who had succeeded to the caliphate, had been rendered his enemy, he caused him to be proclaimed throughout his government, and took. measures to preserve the public peace. Soon after, however, Al Amin was persuaded to exclude his brother from the succession, in opposition to their father's will, who had direct-. ed that his three sons should succeed in order.