SECTION DLXXXVIII.-EPANORTHOSIS. EPANORTHOSIS, Greek inavóptors, correction, is a figure by which a speaker retracts or recalls what he has spoken, in order to substitute something stronger or more suitable in its place. The attention of the auditor is roused, and a stronger impression is thus produced upon his mind by what is thus substituted. 1. "Can you be ignorant, among the conversation of this city, what laws-if they are to be called laws, and not the firebrands of Rome and the plagues of the commonwealth— this Clodius designed to fix upon us?" 2. "Why should I speak of his neglect-neglect did I say? call it rather contempt." SECTION DLXXXIX.-EPIZEUXIS. EPIZEUXIS, from the Greek ríševi, joining to, is rejoining or repeating the same word or words emphatically. 1. "Restore him, restore him if you can, from the dead." 2.The Isles of Greece, the Isles of Greece, "O thou queen! Thou delegated Deity of Earth; -BYRON. O dear, dear England! how my longing eyes Thy sands and high white cliffs."-COLERIDGE. SECTION DXC.-EROTESIS, OR INTERROGATION. EROTESIS, Greek pornois, is an animated or passionate interroga tion. 1. "What, Tubero, did that naked sword of yours mean in the battle of Pharsalia? At whose breast was its point aimed? What was, then, the meaning of your arms, your spirit, your eyes, your hands, your ardour of soul? What did you desire, what wish for? I press the youth too much; he seems disturbed. Let me return to myself. I, too, bore arms on the same side."-CICERO for Ligarius. 2. "What is there in these days that you have not attempted ?-what have you not profaned? What name shall I give to this assembly? Shall I call you soldiers ?-you who have besieged with your arms and surrounded with a trench the son of your Emperor? Shall I call you citizens?-you who have so shamefully trampled on the authority of the Senate ?-you who have violated the justice due to enemies, the sanctity of embassy, and the rights of nations?"-TACITUS, Annals, b. i. SECTION DXCI.-EUPHEMISM. EUPHEMISM, Greek vonμioμós, eù, well, onμí, to speak, a figure by which a harsh or offensive word is set aside, and one that is delicate substituted in its place. 1. "Worn out with anguish, toil, and cold, and hunger, God had released her."-SOUTHEY. 2. "That merchant prince has stopped payment." SECTION DXCII. HYPERBOLE. HYPERBOLE, Greek veρtoλý, excess, is a figure by which much more is expressed than the truth. In Hyperbole the exaggeration is so great that it cannot be expected to be believed by the reader or the hearer. It is usually the offspring of a momentary conviction produced by sudden surprise on the part of the speaker and writer. 1. "He told us that a part of the road from Salinas, in Persia, to Julamerk, was so frightful to travel, that a fat, spirited horse would in a single day suffer so much from terror, that before night he would be as thin as a knife-blade."—Dr. GRANT's Nestorians. "The universal host upsent 2. 3. 4. A shout that tore Hell's conclave, and beyond Frighted the reign of Chaos and old Night."-MILTON. A forest waving on a single tree."-HOLMES. "Camilla Outstripped the winds with speed upon the plain, She swept the seas, and, as she skimmed along, Her flying foot unbathed in billows hung."-DRYDEN, Æn., b. vii. SECTION DXCIII.-HYPOTYPOSIS. HYPOTY POSIS, from the Greek Tоrúπwas, under an image. A description of a thing in strong and lively colours, so that the past, the distant, and the future are represented as present. It is sometimes called Vision. 1. "Is this a dagger which I see before me, 2. "Even now the devastation is begun, And half the business of destruction done; Down where yon anchoring vessel spreads the sail, Pass from the shore, and darken all the land; And kind connubial tenderness are there."-GOLDSMITH. 3. "I seem to myself to behold this city, the ornament of the earth and the capital of all nations, suddenly involved in one conflagration. I see before me the slaughtered heaps of citizens, lying unburied in the midst of their ruined country. The furious countenance of Cethegus rises to my view, while, with a savage joy, he is triumphing in your miseries."-CICERO. 4. "Greece cries to us by the convulsed lips of her poisoned dying Demosthenes; and Rome pleads with us in the mute persuasion of her mangled Tully."-E. EVERETT. 5. "I see before me the gladiator lie: He leans upon his hand; his manly brow Consents to death, but conquers agony, And through his side the last drops ebbing flow From the red gash, fall heavy, one by one, Like the first of a thunder-shower; and now The arena swims around him-he is gone, Ere ceased the inhuman shout which hailed the wretch who won. "He heard it, but he heeded not: his eyes Were with his heart, and that was far away; All this rushed with his blood. Shall he expire, And unavenged? Arise! ye Goths, and glut your ire!"-BYRON. SECTION DXCIV.-IRONY. IRONY, from the Greek sipwvia, from pwr, a dissembler in speech, is a mode of speech expressing a sense contrary to that which the speaker intends to convey. 1. And it came to pass at noon that Elijah mocked them, and said, Cry aloud: for he is a god; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awaked."-1 Kings xviii. 27. 2. "The persons who have suffered from the cannibal philosophy of France are so like the Duke of Bedford, that nothing but his Grace's not probably speaking so good French could enable us to find out any difference. A great many of them had as pompous titles, and were of full as illustrious a race; some few of them had fortunes as ample; several of them-without meaning the least disparagement to the Duke of Bedford—were as wise and as virtuous, and as valiant, and as well educated, and as complete in all the lineaments of men of honour as he is. And to all this they had added the powerful outguard of a military profession, which in its nature renders men somewhat more cautious than those who have nothing to attend to but the lazy enjoyment of undisturbed possessions. But security was their ruin. They are dashed to pieces in the storm, and our shores are covered with the wrecks."-BURKE, 3. "Delightful Bowles, still blessing, and still bless'd, By more or less are sung in every book, From Captain Noah down to Captain Cook; Bowles, in thy memory, let this precept dwell, Stick to thy sonnets, man-at least they sell."-BYRON. SECTION DXCV.-LITOTES. LITOTES, Greek Airós, slender, is diminution, a figure in which, by denying the contrary, more is intended than is expressed; as, "The man is no fool;" that is, he is wise. METALEPSIS, from the Greek peráλns, participation, is the continuation of a trope in one word through a succession of significations, or it is the union of two or more tropes in one word. 2. "Fuit Ilium et ingens gloria Dardanidum" = Troy and the glory of the Trojans is no more. SECTION DXCVII.-METAPHOR. METAPHOR, from the Greek perapópa, a transferring, is the use of a word in a sense which is beyond its original meaning. It is the transferring of a word from the object to which it properly belongs, and applying it to another to which that object bears some resemblance or analogy. It shows similitude without the sign of comparison. 1. "The moral and political system of Hobbes was a palace of ice: transparent, exactly proportioned, majestic, admired by the unwary as a delightful dwelling; but gradually undermined by the central warmth of human feeling, before it was thawed into muddy water by the sunshine of true philosophy."-Sir JAMES MACINTOSH. 2. "The Gospel, formerly a forester, now became a citizen and leaving the woods wherein it wandered, the hills and holes wherein it hid itself before, dwelt quietly in 'populous places."-FULLER'S Church History. 3. Burke thus describes the fall from power of Lord Chatham, and the rise of Charles Townsend:-"Even then, before this splendid orb was entirely set, and while the western horizon was in a blaze with his descending glory, on the opposite quarter of the heavens arose another luminary, and for his hour became lord of the ascendant.” 4. "Short-lived, indeed, was Irish independence. I sat by her cradle; I followed her hearse."-GRATTAN. 5. "There is no such thing as happiness in this world. The sole distinction is, that the life of a happy man is a picture, with a silver ground studded with stars of jet; while, on the other hand, the life of a miserable man is a dark ground with a few stars of silver."-NAPOLEON. SECTION DXCVIII. -METONYMY. METONOMY, from Greek μerwvvuía, a change of name, is a figure by which one word is put for another; as the cause for the effect, or the effect for the cause; the container for the contained; the sign for the thing signified. The relation is always that of causes, effects, or adjuncts. 1. Substituting the cause for the effect: "A time there was, ere England's griefs began, When every rood of ground maintained its man."-GOLDSMITH. 2. Substituting the effect for the cause:-" Can gray hairs make folly venerable?"JUNIUS. 3. Substituting the container for the contained :-"The toper loves his bottle." The highwayman says, "Your purse or your life." 4. Substituting the sign for the thing signified :-"He carried away the palm." 5. Substituting the abstract for the concrete term :-" We wish that Labour may look up here, and be proud in the midst of its toil. We wish that Infancy may learn the purpose of its creation from maternal lips; and that weary and withered Age may behold and be solaced by the recollections which it suggests." 6. "There Honour comes, a pilgrim gray, To deck the turf that wraps their clay; To dwell a weeping hermit there."- -COLLINS. SECTION DXCIX.-PARABLE. PARABLE, Greek apatoλn, from Taрabáλw, to compare, is an allegorical representation or relation of something real in life or nature, from which a moral is drawn. See the Parable of the Poor Man and his Lamb, 2 Samuel xii.; the Parable of the Ten Virgins, Matthew xxv. SECTION DC.-PARALEIPSIS. PARALEIPSIS, Greek napális, omission, is a figure by which a speaker pretends to pass by what at the same time he really mentions. 1. "I might say many things of his liberality, kindness to his domestics, his command in the army, and moderation during his office in the province; but the honour of the state presents itself to the view, and, calling me to it, advises me to omit these lesser matters." 2. "I do not speak of my adversary's scandalous venality and rapacity! I take no notice of his brutal conduct; I do not speak of his treachery and malice." SECTION DCI.-PARONOMASIA. PARONOMASIA, from the Greek Taρú, near, and ovoμa, a name, is a pun or a play upon words, in which the same word is used in different senses, or words similar in sound are set in opposition to each other. 1. "Voltaire had a stupid fat friar at Ferney, who was useful to him, and who went by the name of Père Adam, Father Adam. A gentleman who was visiting there, happening to get a glimpse of this inmate, asked Voltaire if that was Father Adam. Yes,' replied Voltaire, 'that is Father Adam, but not the first of men.' 2. "Mr. Curran, the late celebrated Irish advocate, was walking one day with a friend who was extremely punctilious in his conversation. Hearing a person near him say curosity instead of curiosity, he exclaimed, 'How that man murders the English language!' 'Not so bad,' said Curran; he has only knocked an i out." SECTION DCII.-PROSOPOPOEIA OR PERSONIFICATION. PROSOPOPEIA, from the Greek πρόσωπον, a person, and ποιέω, Ι make, is a figure by which the absent are introduced as present, and by which inanimate objects and abstract ideas are represented as living. 1. "O Winter! ruler of the inverted year, Thy scattered hair with sleet like ashes filled; A sliding car indebted to no wheels, But urged by storms along its slippery way: 2. "Ha! comest thou now so late to mock To memory's fond regrets a prey; Vile slave thy yellow dross I scorn! Go mix thee with thy kindred clay !"-LEYDEN. 3. His was the spell o'er hearts That only acting lends, The youngest of the sister arts, |