The remainder requiring notice seem to refer to individual persons. "As just as Jerman's lips," Howell, p. 3, who adds, "Spoken in derision"; and so, in a dispute between the married couple as to the proper time for retiring, "Whan byrdes shall roust (quoth he) at viii, ix or ten, Who shall appoynt their houre, the cocke or the hen? The hen (quoth she), The cocke (quoth he), Just (quoth she) As Jerman's lips. It shall prove more just (quoth he). Than prove I (quoth she) the more foole far away.' J. Heiwood, Dialogue, 1566, ii. 2. In the extract from Torriano's Dictionary (the obscurity in which I should be glad if HORATIO would point out) its mocking use is equally manifest. Moreover, the saying was in itself ironical. Mr. Sharman in a note on this passage in his edition of the Dialogue, p. 96, cites from Latimer's Remains, "As just as Jerman's lips, which came not together by nine mile," to which I may add, "To agree like Dogge and cat, and meet as jump as German's lips" (S. Gosson, School of Abuse, 1579, p. 26, Arber's repr.). Jump and just are used convertibly for "exact" by Shakspere, and we have the former word in the sense of to agree in the proverb, "Good wits jump." Cf. Fr. juste-au-corps, a close-fitting garment. Neither compression of the lips nor completeness of justice among the German people will, therefore, serve our turn. Besides, German was not unknown both as a Christian name and as a rendering of the Lat. Germanus, brother (Shak., Oth., i. 1). "Backare, quoth Mortimer to his sow." The spelling varies: "Backare," Heiwood, Dial., 1566, i. 11 ; Id., Epigrams, 1566; Roister Doister, 1566, i. 2; L. Wager, Repentance of Mary Magdalen, 1567, Ciii; Bacare," Heiwood, Epigr., bk. iii. ; Shak., T. of Shrew, ii. 1; "Baccare," J. Grange, Golden Aphroditis, 1577, D iii; Davies of Hereford, Scourge of Folly, 1611, "Upon English Proverbs," ep. 23; all in the sense of "Stand further back!" May this not be the old comparative of back, as further is of far or fur? In Worcestershire not long ago I heard a labourer, who at the tail of a cart was superintending its being backed into a narrow entry, call out to his mate at the horse's head, "He corn't goo no backer!" owing to some hindrance in the way. Mortimer may have coined the word, and it seems a pity that we have lost it. "Taken napping, as Mosse caught his mare." An allusion to some story woven into a ballad, for in Mr. Arber's Transcript of the Stationers' Registers, i. 193, we find, "Recevyd of Wylliam Greffeth for his lycense for the pryntinge of a ballett intituled taken nappynge as Mosse toke his meare, iiiid, 1569-70." This will be the " song sung among the farmers of South Devon, of which the last line of each verse is, 'As Morse caught the Mare,'" referred to in your 1st S. i. 320. Must preche a Goddes halfe In the pulpit solempnely." Skelton, Colin Clout, 1. 811, Dyce's edit. not Walton, as Mr. Hazlitt prints it, p. 446. A third party called in to mediate by the husband excuses himself: "Ye will me to a thankelesse office heere, And Jack out of office she may bid me walke A curious passage occurs in Buttes' Dyet's Dry Dinner, 1599, I, after a dispraise of veal: "Essex calfes the proverb praiseth, and some are of the mind that Waltome calfe was also that countrey man." Davies has this proverb (ep. 366) in the expanded form. VINCENT S. LEAN. Windham Club. murder. After ... "I'll chance it, as old Horne did his neck," or as parson Horne did his neck." Fifty and sixty years ago this was a common saying in the midland counties, and may be now. I have heard of its being used in Scotland. Horne was a clergyman in Nottinghamshire. Horne committed a He escaped to the Continent. many years' residence abroad he determined to return. In answer to an attempt to dissuade him, and being told he would be hanged if he did, he said, "I'll chance it." He did return, was tried, condemned, and executed. The account of his found in The Newgate Calendar. "life, trial, character, and behaviour" may be Like Morley's ducks, born without a notion." This was also a Nottinghamshire saying, but a very common one--spoken of some one on the occasion of his committing a stupid action. A public-house at Sneinton, near Nottingham, of them, in answer to a complaint of their straying had been kept by generations of Morleys, and one into a neighbour's garden, said his ducks were "born without a notion." Craven. ELLCEE. FUNERAL ARMOUR (5th S. ix. 429.)-Much of the armour suspended over tombs in our churches is no doubt "undertakers' trappings," though often of considerable antiquity, e.g. the barred helmets in the Beauchamp Chapel at Warwick; the heavy dummy sword with its grip of lead in the Spenser Chapel at Brington, Northamptonshire; and, I think, the helmets at Stratford-upon-Avon and those in Beverley Minster. Real armour, however, exists in many places besides Westminster Abbey and Canterbury Cathedral. In the church of Broadwater, Sussex, is preserved the tilting helmet of Lord de la Warre, with its remarkable ocularium, a most interesting example. A real helmet exists in the church at Bletchley; some mouldering gauntlets I have seen in those of Cirencester and Slaugham in Sussex; and at Wimbledon is a complete suit of black horseman's armour, early seventeenth century, for the due preservation of which a sum of money has been left by will. I cannot at present say where, but I remember to have seen a real visored helmet of the same period in the vestry of some church in the city of London. I have a heaume of the fashion of the thirteenth century, stolen, I fear, from some church. It is a "dummy," but I should say not later than the sixteenth century. I lent it for the funeral service in memory of the late Count Coloredo, Grand Master of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and it did duty on the catafalco in the church in Great Ormond Street on that occasion. Of ancient swords I know of no example in any English church, though broken rapiers of the seventeenth century, with the fractured ends ground round, and the hilts sometimes gilded, and so utilized by the undertakers, are not uncommon. There are some at Brington. The sword of the Black Prince is said to have been appropriated by Old Noll. The usurper, however, spared the rest of the prince's harness to the cathedral. The clerk of the church at Broadwater told me he remembered a sword by the side of Lord de la Warre's helmet, but that it had been stolen. I shall be very glad if any reader of "N. & Q." will add to my list. W. J. BERNHARD SMITH. Temple. In many instances the armour hung over tombs was not representative merely, but the real armour that had been worn by those whose bodies slept below. The Ancren Riwle, a thirteenth century book, tells us, "After the death of a valiant knight men hung up his shield high in the church to his memory" (p. 393). Bottesford Manor, Brigg. EDWARD PEACOCK. The practice of supplying imitative armour for funeral purposes is at least as old as Sir Wm. Dugdale, for in a MS. at Merevale, dated 1667, he states the charges of various articles for the achievement of a knight: the helmet, gilt with silver and gold, 1.; the crest carved and coloured in "oyle," 13s.; the sword with velvet "scabard," 10s. ; the target carved and gilt in "oyle," 16s. ; a gauntlet, 10s. ; gilt spurs with velvet spur leathers, 5s. I have this from a transcript made by Mr. Wm. Hamper. GWAVAS. Penzance. "CARLISLE'S EMBASSIES" (4th S. xi. 95, 182.)— Of this very interesting account of Russia there have been at least seven editions. The first bore only the initials of the author's name, G. M., but the subsequent ones have nearly all the name of Guy Miege in full. 1. A Relation of Three Embassies from his Sacred Majesty Charles 11. to the Great Duke of Muscovie, &c. with portraits of Lord Carlisle and of the Czar. Written by an Attendant. London, 1669. 8vo., pp. 475, 2. La Relation de Trois Ambassades de Monseigneur le Comte de Carlisle, &c. Amsterdam, 1670. 12mo. 3. Same title, Rouen, 1670. 12mo. called "seconde edition, revue et corrigee." 4. Same title. Amsterdam, 1672. 12mo. This is 5. Les Trois Ambassades du Comte de Carlisle, &c. Amsterdam, 1700. 12mo. 6. Des Graffen von Carlisle Nahmens Sr. Königl. Maj. von Gross-Britannien abgelegte drey Gesandschaften, &c. Franckfurt und Leipzig, 1701. 12mo. 7. La Relation de Trois Ambassades de Monseigneur le Comte de Carlisle, &c. Revue et Annotée par le Prince Galitzin. Paris, 1857. 12mo. Much confusion has been introduced into biblio graphical works as to the authorship of this little volume. A very curious source of error is pointed out by Prince Galitzin. In Coxe's Travels in Poland, Russia, &c., Lond., 1784, there is a reference to previous writers on Russia, such as lisle's Embassies, &c." "Chancellor, Fletcher, Smith, the author of CarA German translator of Coxe's Travels, by a little error in punctuation, converted these four names into two, and the passage then read thus: "Der Kanzler Fletcher; Smith, der verfasser der nachricht von der Gesandschaft des Lord Carlisle," &c.; and the curious blunder thus commenced not only wholly misled foreign bibliographers, but was retranslated into English without comment, and widely published. Thus in Card's History of Russia, Lond., 1804, Svo., at p. 587 a fact is stated on the authority of Smith, the author of Carlisle's Embassies." Edward Chamberlayne and Guy Miege, whose rivalry in the Present State of England, 1667, and the New Present State of England, 1691, is well known, were both servants of Lord Carlisle; Miege accompanied him in his first three embassies, and Chamberlayne attended him in his last. I have sought in vain to find out what was Miege's precise position in the embassies of 1663-4, and why he did not accompany Lord Carlisle in 1668. EDWARD SOLLY. THE BURIAL OF A KNIGHT (5th S. ix. 506.)—If MR. WHITTY will look into the two volumes of salmon, and is applied in connexion with many rivers where the fish has abounded at some period or other. Thus Laxea or Laxey in the Isle of Man, "the salmon stream"; five rivers in Iceland called Laxa, one in the Hebrides, and one in Cantire; Laxweir on the Shannon; Leixlip, or the salmon leap, on the Liffey; Leckford in Hamp where salmon were formerly very abundant; Lacford in Sutherland, "cum multis aliis." A large proportion of English rivers bear Celtic or Cymric names, such as Avon, Usk, Dee, Don, &c. Llevn in Welsh signifies smooth, and Llyn, a quiet pool. Linnet, then, as a diminutive signifies "the small, smooth stream." Lin or Leven thus applied has a very wide range. We find it in two Loch Levens and three rivers Leven in Scotland, and in many rivers Leven in England. We have Lin as a pool in Lin-coln, Dub-lin, Linlithgow, Glas-lin, Ros-lin, Kings Lynn, &c. the Testamenta Eboracensia (Surtees Society), he will find information on the manner in which knights were buried previous to the reign of Henry VIII. In vol. i. is the will of Thomas de Chaworth, miles, dated 1347, in which the testator directs his old palfrey to walk before his body in the name of its master, and desires to be buried in a manner befitting his condition and his knight-shire; Lachsford or Lachford on the Mersey, hood. In the same volume is the will of William de Chaworth, son of the above-named Thomas, wherein the testator desires to be buried in Beauchief Abbey, "cum optimo animali, quod habeo, nomine principalis mei." It would appear from these two instances that it was usual for a knight's horse to walk before the body of its master in the funeral processsion. With regard to the Chaworths, however, I should observe that even in 1347 they were an ancient and wealthy family, and that both the above-named testators were the eldest scions of their house. They are sometimes described as domini and sometimes milites, but never comites. MR. WHITTY should remember that in drawing a distinction between "mediæval prince or baron" and "simple knight" he raises a difficulty, for it is not always easy to say to which of these classes such men as Thomas Chaworth belonged. But I think we may safely say that at the funeral of a knight (miles or eques) it was usual for a single horse, bearing its master's shield and armorial trappings, to pace before the body in procession. S. O. ADDY. Sheffield. THE AMERICAN ROBIN (5th S. ix. 367, 414, 475, 518.)-I am no ornithologist, and can only speak of birds as I have seen them. The American robin (they eat him frequently "on toast" at American tables d'hôte) seemed to me a big, ugly thrush, with a dirty yellow breast. The blue-bird of Canada is an exquisitely beautiful little fellow, with a bright "cobalt" blue coat. It is a shame to shoot him, but I confess that I brought away from Niagara in 1863 a lady's parasol, the dome of which was decorated with an entire blue-bird. G. A. SALA. Kingsley was quite right. The American robin is the red-breasted or migratory thrush, Turdus migratorius. I have been a good deal in both Canada and the United States, but I never heard the blue-bird, Sialia sialis, so designated. B. THE LARK AND THE LINNET (5th S. ix. 408.)These names of rivers, despite their poetical associations, have nothing ornithological in their origin. Their etymology is not far to seek. A few miles from Bury St. Edmunds, on the Mildenhall road, stand the village and rectory of Lackford, the ford on the Lack or Lach, of which Lark is evidently a corruption. Now Ger. Lachs, A.-S. Leax, Norse Lax, is the Teutonic term for The word hlynna, quoted by CANON COOKE as A.-S. for a brook, is more than doubtful in its authenticity. The only authority for it is an insertion in Bosworth's A.-S. Dictionary, not from the author's own knowledge, but from a reference made by Francis Junius to a MS. copy of a portion of Elfric's Glossary, said to have been found in the library of the celebrated painter Peter Paul Rubens. The word is to be found nowhere else. Bosworth himself quotes llyn as a Welsh word. J. A. PICTON. Sandyknowe, Wavertree. Writing some time since on the "Fluvial Etymology of Norfolk," I stated :— "In Cary's map of Suffolk (1819) the river which in Bowen's and Clark's maps of Suffolk is called the Thet is the Little Ouse just above Thetford is called the Lark, not named, and in Bowen's map of Norfolk the part of whereas the latter river (which ought to be called the Luch or Lug) runs at some distance to the S. W. of Thetford." Both names may be traced to the Celtic lli water; thus lli, leg, lag, lac, Lark; or lac, luch, lug, Lark; lli, lin, dim. Linnet. Junior Garrick. R. S. CHARNOCK. "As" (5th S. ix. 188, 256, 275, 372.)-Every one who knows Greek is familiar with the use of the word is in the sense given by F. S., but in every one of the passages he cites os would be rendered by the English about, and not by as, and if people would say, "I expected him about yesterday," and much doubt whether the use of ós (= as it were) not as yesterday," I should be satisfied. I very with an adverb in such a sentence as the following, povrede§auny avтòv is extés, would be good Greek, and, if not, then the parallel fails. But be 66 East Anglia, vol. ii. No. xlii. (Aug., 1864), S. Tymms, Lowestoft. Shall we ever, from middle-class or any other English, be able to serve a notice of ejectment on "these kind of things"? HERMENTRUde. that as it may, F. S. will hardly contend that be-tration, the real meaning of the "which his " is cause an expression like this is a common idiom of not "which's." a classical language, therefore, if used in some other language, it cannot possibly be a vulgarism. The rustic who says, "Nobody didn't know nothing of it," might plead that it was classical, and cite such s phrase as οὐδεὶς οὐκ οὐδαμῶς οἶδε, or the use of "CORNELIANUM DOLIUM" (5th S. ix. 407.)— nemo non in Latin; but none the less for that Douce, I believe, was the first who printed, if reason we should class it as a vulgarism. Again, not the first who made, the suggestion that the the use of the active participle in a passive sense, author T. R. was Th. Randolph. He formed his called by Todd, in his preface to Johnson's Dic-belief, I presume, on the coincidence of the initials, tionary, a "vitious expression," is common enough and on the publication of Randolph's Poems, &c., in the North in such a phrase as "I want my in the same year as the Corn. Dolium, viz. 1638. letters 'posting,"" and has a classical counterpart I have not compared this play with Randolph's in the use of the present participle after the Greek poems and other plays for parallelisms, but may aiotávoμai (Thuc., i. 47); "accustomed with" is state why I am inclined to doubt Douce's belief. constantly used in Scotland, and is exactly the When his surviving works were published by his Latin assuetus followed by the ablative; but both brother, Randolph was dead, and they were prethis and the former must certainly be considered ceded by various commendatory verses written provincialisms. Instances might no doubt be after his death. Now, if the Corn. Dolium were multiplied, but I think that the above are sufficient his, we should expect to find it there. Secondly, to show that what is classical in one language may the Poems, &c., were published at Oxford, be "provincial" or even "vulgar" in another. Printed by Leonard Litchfield, Printer to the University, for Francis Bowman." But the Corn. Dolium was printed in the same year in London by another printer, and for other publishers. Thirdly, there is a list of errata at the end and a Latin motto after them, which, considering how printers of themselves treated books in that day, betokens carefulness and the careful eye of the author. Lastly, I find no allusion to the Corn. Dolium in the commendatory verses, among which are two by Ed. Gayton and Ric. West, which specially bring in and enumerate (most of) the titles of his larger pieces. Were I to conjecture, I should say that "Auctore T. R. ingeniosissimo hujus ævi Heliconio was perhaps true as regards the initials, but a piece of clap-trap intended to insure the book's sale. In Johnson's Dictionary no less than thirty different meanings of the word as are given, but not one in the sense of "thereabout." Halliwell, under as in his Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words (among which in this sense he classes it), says, "It is frequently redundant, as "He will come "as" to-morrow.'" G. L. G. May I be allowed to make a few short notes? 1. As, in the sense of a round number, is used also in the Greek of the New Testament: os do xov diakoσíov; rendered in the Authorized Version "As it were two hundred cubits." 2. Has the redundant and inelegant phrase "from thence," disfiguring both the Bible and the Creeds. been set down for revision? 3. Not even a sojourner at Margate should be permitted to call his marine location a "wateringplace." This name applies, and correctly, to towns such as Bath, Cheltenham, and Buxton, whither we go to drink the waters; not to modern places of fashionable resort by the sea-shore. 4. Mr. Gladstone, in a letter written within the last two years, speaks of the "northward position," meaning thereby the position of the clergyman at the north side of the communion table. 5. I have heard a young curate-an Irishman it must be stated-speak in a sermon of people who are "cut off before the expiration of their allotted time." 6. A grocer in the Blackfriars Road is now advertising in his window tea "of a Samson-like strength." The Temple. EDWARD H. MARSHALL. I beg to thank G. L. G. for taking compassion on my obtuseness. But I should also like to suggest if, in the sentence which he gives as an illus 66 B. NICHOLSON. P.S.-A fifth reason for doubt is, that Randolph fore have been more likely, if he could, to have was dead in 1638, and the publisher would theregiven his name in full on the title as "M.A. and late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge." JEWISH SURNAMES AND SHYLOCK (5th S. ix. 508.)-In reply to W. M. G. W. it may be stated that there were no Jews resident in England in Shakspere's time. In the year 1290, Edward I., agreeably to a proposal from Parliament, sentenced them to perpetual banishment, and to the number of fifteen or sixteen thousand they quitted the country with their families and movable property. Oliver Cromwell allowed them to return, and in 1666 free permission to reside and practise their religion was granted to them by Charles II. How Shakspere obtained the wonderful acquaintance with the Jewish idiosyncrasy which he exhibits in his portrait of Shylock it is difficult to understand. He seems to have known by intuition, as it were, what other men only acquire by perception and laborious processes of study and thought. I do not agree with your correspondent that our great dramatist has depicted the Jew as "a bloodthirsty villain," pur et simple. There is much to be said in extenuation of the revengeful spirit he displays towards Antonio, and he himself parries the attacks of his enemies with ready skill in ment, never failing to return thrust for thrust. go with Hazlitt in thinking that Shylock is man no less sinned against than sinning." HUGH A. KENNEDY. Ailsa House, Reading. argu I a ST. JULIAN (5th S. ix. 480.)-Chaucer's "Seynt Julian," Prologue, 340, was the "good harbourer," the saint who presided over hospitality and over travellers. See the account given of him in Boccaccio's Decam., day ii. nov. 2, "I am going to relate a story... in which it happens to those who have not said the Pater Noster of St. Julian, that they often get a bad night's rest, though they lie in a good bed." Rinaldo says, "I always use, when I am upon a journey, before I go out of my inn to say one Pater Noster and one Ave Maria for the souls of the father and mother of St. Julian, and after that I pray to God and St. Julian to send me a good lodging at night." See note in Morris's Chaucer; Chambers's Book of Days, ii. 388; cf. "Not the St. Julian who suffered martyrdom in Auvergne, under Diocletian; nor St. Julian of the third century, apostle of the Maine; nor St. Julian of the seventh century, Archbishop of Toledo" (Morley's English Writers, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 297). Another story is: "There (at Bethanye) dwelte Symon leprous, and there herberwed oure Lord; and aftre, he was baptized of the Apostles, and was clept Julian, and was made Bisschoppe; and this is the same Julyan, that men clepe to for gode Herberghgage; for oure Lord herberwed with him, in his Hows" (Sir John Maundeville, ed. Halliwell, p. 97). O. W. TANCOCK. Of the St. Julians the one most likely to be commemorated in Wales is the martyr of Verulam, because of his patriotic character; but the St. Julian met with in England (at Wellow in Somerset, for instance) is more probably the better known patron of travellers. A bridge at Wimborne is dedicated to him. I suspect, however, that the Cornish surname Julian is derived from Julean, a hazel, which forms a part of some names of places, as, for instance, Nanjulian near St. Just. GWAVAS. THE SUNFLOWER (5th S. viii. 348, 375, 431, 497.)-The sunflower that Ovid made a follower of the sun, and thus originated an idea that has been eagerly taken up by modern poets, has by them, and even by botanical writers, been wrongfully applied. Thus the mistake has arisen of looking for an action in the modern designated sunflower which really never belonged to it. As the ancients were not acquainted with our garden sunflower (Helianthus), which is a native of Peru, it could not possibly be the plant intended by Ovid. Old Gerard, in his Herbal, stated the matter correctly as regards the Helianthus long ago, but has been unheeded. He says: 46 The flower of the sunne is called in Latine Flos solis, taking that name from those that have reported observe, although I have endeavoured to find out the it to turne with the sunne, the which I could never truth of it; but I rather thinke it was so called because it doth resemble the radiant beames of the sunne, whereupon some have called it Corona solis and Sol Indianus, the Indian sunflower." The simile of turning its face to the sun from east to west daily, supposing any flower to do so, has been wrongly assigned by Erasmus Darwin, Thomson, and Moore, as well as by various prose writers, to the Helianthus of botanists. Cowley, in his Poemata Latina Plantarum, thus makes his Flos solis speak for itself, but refrains from specifying the exact plant he means. Thus translated : "With bending head submissive I adore, With constant gaze my father's face explore; I turn my face following where'er he turns, Still fix'd my pious gaze as round he burns." This is evidently in accordance with Ovid, who says of his sunflower (transformed from the nymph Clytia, who vainly loved Apollo) :— "Still the lov'd object the fond leaves pursue, Still move their root the moving sun to view." By "leaves" the poet, as was then usual, meant the petals of the flower. Churchill, who designates the sunflower as "The proud giant of the garden race Who madly rushes to the sun's embrace," with all the modern poets who have touched on the subject, meant the Peruvian plant, believing that the name implied the presumed fact. The plant, however, that Ovid had in view was most probably the marigold (Calendula officinalis), which grows naturally in Italy and many other parts of Europe, and was of old noted as a flower of the sun, and was called by herbalists Solis sequa, or sun-follower, and Solis sponsa, the spouse of the sun. It certainly keeps its flowers well open during all hours of the day, and, as Shakspeare says, |