have ascertained from index of charters in Signet Library, Edinburgh, that there is there, lib. 59, N. 212, Ch. II., a.r. 22, March 2, 1670, "Carta Magistro Alexandro filio Magistri Roberti Bruce de Kennet. Terrarum de Garlett Clackmannan." | So that, as stated in Mr. Downing Bruce's pedigree, the lands of Garlet were granted to this person from whom he claims descent. This Mr. Alexander was (according to Mr. Downing Bruce's pedigree, given both in Burke's Landed Gentry, under Bruce of Kennet, and by Mr. Drummond in his Noble British Families, pt. iii., corrigenda) a Presbyterian clergyman at Veincask, Armagh, where he died 1704. James Bruce his son, Chief Justice of Barbadoes, was, according to the above authorities, son, not brother, of Rev. Alexander Bruce, not of Belfast, but of Veincask, Armagh. Both the Gentleman's Magazine and Annual Register are often very inaccurate. With respect to the family in question not owning Garlet, I have shown that the person they claim descent from did own it once, but how long it continued in the family I cannot say, but they do not hold it now, as they do not appear in the return of owners of land in Clackmannanshire. But it is not uncommon in Scotland for families which have once owned an

estate to continue to use the territorial designation after they have ceased to possess it. W. B. A.

"NER THE WIZES" (5th S. x. 80) is not so far wrong as might be imagined. The correction of two letters would set it right-" near the 'Vizes." I have not the book at hand to refer to, but I think Mr. Waylen, in his History of Devizes, states that the ancient form of the name, "the Devizes," has been disused in the case of public documents within a recent date, and still exists, slightly abbreviated, in the local speech as "the

"Vizes."

T. F. R.

FLORAL CHIEF RENTS (5th S. ix. 367, 497; x. 16, 77.)-In medieval grants of land the reservation of floral rents was common enough, especially roses, as noticed by MR. MACRAY; but I should be glad to receive information upon the following. In the grant by John de Burgh, son and heir of the great Justiciary, in 1274, of the manor of Elmore, co. Gloucester, to Anselme de Gyse, the rent reserved is "unum clavum gariofili." What is this? Is it a sprig of one of the various plants now called gilliflower? If so, of which? Is it a flower which we now call cloves (clove pinks), or is it one of the spices called cloves? Was this spice known in England in the thirteenth century? Two hundred years later (1474) the manor of Dawnath, in Cornwall, was held by Sir Walter Hungerford of the lord of Carnanton by the service of "ijli. gariophili." Explanation is requested. JOHN MACLEAN.

Bicknor Court, Coleford, Glouc.

"VINCENT EDEN; OR, THE OXONIAN" (5th S. x. 27, 93.)-GENERAL RIGAUD is so far correct as to the authorship of this, but CUTHBERT BEDE'S note requires some little correction. Dickinson of Trinity took not a first, but a second class (1837). He got not the Ireland, but the Latin Verse (1836) and the Latin Essay (1838). With his full and final history I am unacquainted, but I recollect a story current in my day (two or three years after Dickinson's) of his sitting, armed with a stick, at the bottom of the dons' staircase at Exeter, bent on inflicting summary punishment on a very excellent fellow of the college (still living, gaudeo referens), who in some proctorial capacity had objected to his shortcomings. He appears to have never taken his degree, as his name is absent from the graduates' list up to 1850. W. T. M. Reading.

PROVINCIALISMS (5th S. ix. 505; x. 52.)— CLARRY will often hear "a smart few" used, in the sense of a considerable number, or a good many, in Worcestershire. For one, our old keeper invariably uses the expression, "There are a smart few birds in the turnips," or on such and such father, who trained him and from whom he learnt a farm. His family belong to this county, and his the expression, lived all his life on the Coventry estates in the same capacity. C. G. H.

MOSES WITH HORNS (5th S. ix. 145, 453; x. 57.) -There is a fine specimen of a horned Moses amongst the treasures preserved in the lower room of the Hospitium in the gardens of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society at York. It is supposed to have been one of a series which decorated the abbey church, and which, after being long buried about eight feet underground, were exhumed and made to undergo some curious experiences until they were housed and cared for as at present. Moses bears a singular serpent, winged like a dove, concerning which and the horns there is a note in A Descriptive Account of the Antiquities in the Grounds and in the Museum of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society, by the late Rev. Charles Wellbeloved, p. 59 (sixth edition, York, 1875):—

"The sculptor, either following preceding artists or misled by understanding literally the figurative epithet flying' given to the fiery serpent by the prophet Isaiah, has added to the serpent in the hand of Moses the body and wings of a bird. In making Moses appear horned he has followed the Vulgate Latin version of Exod. xxxiv. 30, where instead of the face of Moses shone,' as in our Authorized Version, the Vulgate has 'videntis cornutam Moysi faciem,' seeing that the face of Moses was horned ";

a statement which was based on a misreading of the Hebrew text.

A gloss on the Vulgate which will, I think, be new to many is to be found in Rambles in Rome: Six Days' Practical Guide and Visitors' Directory,

by S. Russell Forbes, p. 84 (Rome, sold at all the Had DR. GATTY been as much in the East as I libraries and booksellers; London, H. Gaze & Son, have been he would have given a different explana142, Strand, W.C., 1876). At St. Peter in Vincolition of Is. lxvi. 24: "For their worm shall not the author calls his victims' attention to "the famous statue of Moses by Michael Angelo, rendered hideous by two horns sticking out of the forehead. Although we read that Moses was a horny man, it does not follow that he had horns, but that his flesh was hard like horn"!

ST. SWITHIN.

Since it has been shown that Moses is spoken

die, neither shall their fire be quenched." I have seen great heaps of refuse lying outside the towns, burning and smouldering. To these heaps are added carcasses of dead beasts full of maggots, waiting till the fire reached them; so both processes are going on in the same heap-fire and worms. This fire never goes out, but is constantly

supplied with fresh rubbish. So the fire is everlasting, but the fuel is not, nor are the worms, of in the Vulgate as cornutus, and that this represents the Hebrew for "radiant," why go to except that fresh ones are constantly supplied. Zedekiah's acted parable of the "horns of iron" The Valley of Hinnom (Gehenna) was the place where the refuse of Jerusalem was thrown and for an explanation? No doubt horns were symbols burnt; consequently an image of the punishment of power, but the special reason why Moses was represented horned certainly was that he was sup-Jews-a metaphor, no doubt, and a very lively of the wicked constantly before the eyes of the posed to have thus come down from the mount.

Bp. Hatfield's Hall, Durham.

J. T. F.

THE INADEQUACY OF LANGUAGE TO EXPRESS IDEAS WITH PERFECT PRECISION (5th S. x. 24, 52.) -According to Aristotle, as quoted by Addison in the one hundred and sixty-sixth Spectator, language is a transcript of a transcript of a transcript; if so, it can hardly be anything else than inadequate for the full expression of ideas :

"Aristotle tells us that the world is a copy or transcript of these ideas which are in the mind of the first Being, and that those ideas which are in the mind of man are a transcript of the world. To this we may add that words are the transcript of those ideas which are in the mind of man, and that writing or printing is the

transcript of words."

The late Rev. F. W. Robertson has some remarks
on this subject in one of his sermons, but as I am
separated from nearly all my books at present I
cannot give the reference. I think he says that it is
impossible even for Omnipotence fully to put us in
possession of His mind on any subject by means of
the imperfect instrument of words. Whether this
be so or not, I suppose there is no doubt that the
greatest poets do not give us exactly the same idea
of a personage or an incident which is in their own
minds. For instance, no one that has ever lived
or that ever will live has precisely the same image
of Ariel that was in Shakspeare's mind, or of the
House of Riches as it existed in Spenser's mind's
eye.
JONATHAN BOUCHIER.

Ventnor, I. W.

one.

E. LEATON BLENKINSOPP.

IN-HEDGE LANE, DUDLEY (5th S. ix. 429, 494.) If Inhedge be a corruption of Innage, the substitution of the former may of itself be assigned to a somewhat early date, as the term Inhedge was used during, and probably before, the seventeenth century to distinguish enclosed pieces of land from those not hedged in. An instance of this practice occurs in the will, dated 1697, of an inhabitant of Dudley, wherein the land left by the testator is particularized as "two Inclosures, Innhedges, Pieces or Parcells of Land situate and being in County(?) ffield in Dudley." It is possible that Inhedge Lane may be part of this County (?) or Coventry(?) Field. Can any Dudley correspondent verify this suggestion, or say whether a plot of ground bearing a similar name is now known in any other part of the town? S. G.

66

THE "PASS-BOOK" OF A BANK (5th S. ix. 387, 497.)- The periodical call made at the banks by depositors to 'pass their account," as noticed by MR. HILTON PRICE, might possibly give rise to the name of the "pass-book" as now used. I, however, always thought that it meant a book passing between the banker and his client for purposes of convenience and verification. In confirmation of this view take the following from Webster's Dictionary: "Pass-book, a book in which a trader enters articles bought on credit, and then passes or sends it to the purchaser for his information." I never saw such a book in use, but if there be such even in America it would show that "passing the account" has very little to do with it. Perhaps if any contributor has met with such a book in use he will kindly record the fact, and so establish the point. C. A. WARD. Mayfair.

WEST INDIES: BARDADOES (5th S. ix. 249, 297, 357.)-The very useful note of MR. FORTE, Jun., may be supplemented by the following from a

"At that time [1650], tragedies and comedies being esteemed very ecandalous by the Presbyterians, and The existing registers at Christ Church, Phila-therefore by them silenced, William Davenant contrived delphia, begin in 1709. These names may be found serviceable to a number of readers, being those of persons buried in that parish:

men present that these were probably paths used by sportsmen in the days of hawking. May they not have been "hagways," cut out at a time when the country was covered with wood? NIGRAVIENSIS.

Cheshire was once a conventual church, in the
sense of having belonged to a convent. It was
granted about the beginning of Henry III.'s reign
to the convent of St. Werburgh in Chester by
William, Bishop of Coventry. The abbot, as
rector of the church, received the offerings and
tenths in Lent, the offerings on Easter Day and
St. Peter's Day (patron saint of the church), the offer-X.
ings at other times being granted to the vicar.
After the dissolution of the convent the rectory
was granted to the cathedral of Chester, but in
Elizabeth's reign it passed into private patronage,

in which it still remains.

W. M. B.

EMBLEMS OF THE PASSION (5th S. ix. 261, 411, 513.)-One of the designs painted upon the choir ceiling (date circa 1400) of St. Albans Abbey consists of a shield bearing Arg., a cross with three nails and crown of thorns sa.; surtout a spear and rod with sponge in saltire, between a hammer and a scourge, all gu.; beneath it the words, "Scutu' sationis" (scutum salvationis). R. R. LLOYD.

St. Albans.

ANNIBAL CARACCI (5th S. ix. 27, 75, 298, 477; 17.)-I have a grievously misused line engraving of the three Marys, size 25 in. by 204 in. (is that about the size of Rouillet's engraving?). It has been stuck on a wall, varnished, and clipt, so beautiful engraving, and I believe came into its that I can only say 66 about the size." It is a late owner's possession in 1810.

L. C. R.

GUIDOTTI AND GUIDOTT FAMILIES (2nd S. iv. 328, 392, 438; xi. 318, 435, 520; xii. 158; 5th S. x. 56.)-On a brass tomb-plate in my possession are the Guidott arms, which (without tinctures) may be described thus :-Per saltire, 1 and 3, a crescent; 2 and 4, nebuly; on a chief a lion pass. guard. between three fleurs-de-lis (the augmentation granted by Edw. VI. as in grant, "N. & Q.," Nov. 28, 1857), quartering the arms of Joan, wife of Francis Guidott (1668), viz., A SIXTEENTH CENTURY BOOK INSCRIPTION (5th Within a bordure invected a griffin segreant, paly. S. ix. 466, 518.)-While thanking MR. MAC-I should like to know the family of the wife-proCULLOCH for his help in clearing away the obscurity attaching to the book inscription I forwarded, I cannot think that he is justified in saying "the owner of the book seems to have been so uneducated as not to know how to spell his own name." Spelling at that period had not acquired any definiteness. I find Elizabeth spelt in two different ways in a document of the "xxviii yere' of good Queen Bess, and that probably by the legal practitioner who drew it up-"Ellysabeth" and Elizabeth." For this there is scarcely any excuse, as it was a Bible name. BOILEAU.

"MARQUIS" V. "MARQUESS" (5th S. ix. 167, 315, 353, 519.)-Another variety in the orthography of the above word may be found in Carter's Analysis of Honor and Armory, where it is spelt marquesse (p. 117). This author says:

"This word was at first used to all earls and barons that were Lords Marchers or lords of frontiers, and first became a special dignity between that of duke and earl when Richard II. created Robert de Vere (Earl of Oxford) Marquesse of Dublin."

Carter's Analysis of Honor was "printed by Henry Herring-man at the Blew Anchor in the Lower Walk of the Royal Exchange, 1673."

W. M. M.

HAGWAYS (5th S. ix. 68, 514.)-In the course of an important trial at the Liverpool Assizes some forty years ago, involving the ownership of a portion of the well-known Chat Moss, mention was made of certain roads or paths across the moss which bore the designation of "Hauk-walks"; and it was suggested by some of the legal gentle

bably Hampshire, as the tomb is in Lymington Church, of which town the husband was several times mayor. Also, I will thank any reader who would kindly refer to Wood's Athena, vol. iv. p. 733, and show me the relationship between this Francis Guidott and Sir Antonio, his ancestor.

Lymington, Hants.

EDWARD KING.

THE GLOBE EDITION OF SHAKSPEARE (5th S. ix. 504; x. 33, 70.)—Our difference now resolves itself into this. MR. FURNIVALL holds that the reference to the double effects of custom and its disuse ends at "put on," Ham., iii. 4, 1. 165. My opinion is that after the practical rule, "Refrain easy," 11. 165-7, he returns to the double use in "For use.... potency," 11. 168-70. The folio having omitted the verb in 1. 169 which would decide the question, MR. FURNIVALL begs the question when he says that "throne and all words of its class are out of the question." The deciding word being absent each opinion is tenable, and must remain an opinion.

It is to be remembered that Shakespere is not And speaking as Shakespere, but as Hamlet. omitting further reference to the, as I believe, unanswerable argument that 1. 169 has "or," and not "and," my further objection to MR. FURNIVALL'S interpretation is that it weakens the force otherwise given to Shakespere's firm grip of, and showing forth of, Hamlet's infirm character. Hamlet is of most subtle, acute, and, it may be said, philosophic intellect, always able to see clearly two sides of a question. He shows this in his solilo

quies as to the best modes of seeking death, and as to whether the spirit he has seen be his father's spirit or a goblin damned. But he is generally wanting in decision as to which is right, and always infirm of purpose, wanting in determination to carry out what he thinks right. Any determination of his is emotional, never intellectual. A practical man would have insisted on the practical rule and on nothing more. Hamlet very unnecessarily enters into the general question of custom and its disuse, and then, having lapsed for a moment into practicality, he, from force of nature and habit, returns to another disquisition on the double use with which he began.

B. NICHOLSON.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.

English Men of Letters. Edited by John Morley.Samuel Johnson. By Leslie Stephen. Sir Walter Scott. By Richard H. Hutton. (Macmillan & Co.) FROM the first two volumes of Mr. Morley's English Men of Letters it is scarcely possible to estimate the value of the forthcoming series. In the case of Johnson, and in that of Scott, so ample and valuable materials exist, the only task of the editor is compression. It will be otherwise when biographies are supplied of men like Spenser, few particulars are preserved. So far as the series has Bunyan, and Defoe, concerning whom comparatively progressed it leaves little to desire. Mr. Hutton's abridgment of Lockhart's Life of Scott is excellent, supplying an animated picture of the diversified, if scholarly, life of Scott, together with a fairly accurate and just HENRY ANDREWS, ALMANAC MAKER, &c. (5th estimate of his position in literature and the value of his S. ix. 328; x. 55, 76.)—That the (engraved) por- is a description of the excitement caused by the anonyseparate works. The one thing we miss from the volume trait of Andrews is authentic and true to life is mous publication of Waverley and the conjectures as to satisfactorily proved by his grandson, Mr. Charles its authorship which were rife at the time of its appearAndrews, who is still living and residing at Cam-ance. In dealing with Scott's heroes, Mr. Hutton omits bridge, and who remembers him well. As to whether the majority of the farmers of the present day invest in the (Moore's) almanac issued by the Stationers' Company or not appears to be of little importance to our present subject; but the Mirror, vol. iv., 1824 (a magazine printed and published by J. Limbird, 143, Strand), in giving a short history of almanacs, says:—

"There is not, we are assured, one of our readers to whom Moore's Almanack is not familiar. The very day of its publication is an epoch in the history of the year, and for a month at least before that period the farmer and the husbandman are reminded on the market day by their good dames not to return without Moore; and when it does arrive with what eagerness are the political prognostications devoured," &c.

And then it goes on to say :

"Its sale was at one time about half a million copies annually, but our readers will scarcely believe that Mr. Henry Andrews, of Royston, who was the maker until within the last few years, received only twenty-five pounds a year for his labours from the Stationers' Company."

to point out how far Scott idealizes them in such respects there was no man sufficiently educated to be quite free as making Tressilian discredit magic at a time when from a belief in its influence.

The Johnson of Mr. Leslie Stephen meanwhile is satisfactory in all respects. Boswell's Life has been laid under contribution and compelled to yield up all its most entertaining anecdotes. A capital picture of the sturdy old monarch of letters is afforded, and the likenesses of the friends grouped around him are hit off with marvellous fidelity. The two volumes now published fulfil admirably the promise with which the series was commenced, and supply those who are unfortunate enough or indolent enough not to be able to read the original lives by Lockhart or Boswell with distinct and trustworthy impressions of the two English men of letters.

Antiente Epitaphes (from A.D. 1250 to A.D. 1800). Collected and sett forth in Chronologicall Order by Thomas F. Ravenshaw, M.A., F.S.A. (Masters & Co.) WITHOUT Counting Weever and other early collections there are already some dozens of published English epitaph books, ranging from Monteith's Theater of Mortality, in 1704, down to Mr. F. T. Consick. He, therefore, who would add another collection to the list Mr. Ravenshaw does this. His book is well and clearly should show a raison d'étre, and we hardly think that printed, has a good index, and is arranged with intelli

Some forty years ago Mr. W. H. Andrews, only son of the astronomer, sold to Mr. Robert Cole, an antiquary, the whole of his father's MSS., consist-gence and apparently with an accurate representation of ing of astronomical and astrological calculations, notes of various phenomena, materials for a history of Royston, memoir of his own life, his correspondence, &c., with a mass of very curious letters from persons desirous of having their "nativities cast"; and MR. COLE, in writing to "N. & Q.," 1851, stated that "the only materials left by Andrews for a memoir of his life I believe I possess, and some day I may find leisure to put them into order for publication." There is a short but interesting account of Andrews both in the Monthly and the Gentleman's Magazine for the year 1820.

J. H. W.

monumental lettering and spelling. A few notes, too, Ravenshaw does not classify his epitaphs, nor illustrate give needful information here and there. But Mr. them with any remarks of his own, nor even tell us (what is very important) whether the epitaph was copied on the spot, and when it was so copied. Local knowledge has enabled us to detect in his book various errors of copying, even in cases where the epitaphs come from shaw makes a statement for which one would desire the columns of "N. & Q." Sometimes, too, Mr. Ravenauthority, as when he says that John ye Smith, who died in 1370, has "the earliest epitaph in English." Is there not a much earlier English epitaph at HursleyKeble's Hursley? And occasionally he falls into an error of his own. He says of an epitaph dated 1592 that it is "probably the latest instance of Praye for y sowle."" Has he forgotten Bishop Barrow's "Orate pro conservo vestro," in 1680, or Sir Herbert Jenner's quite