In these later stages, however, the issues are less clear-cut than in the original struggle between Taoists and Confucians. The total impression one has of early Taoism is that it is a main manifestation of an age of somewhat sophistical individualism. Ancient Chinese individualism ended like that of Greece at about the same time in disaster. After a period of terrible convulsions (the era of the "Fighting States"), the inevitable man on horseback appeared from the most barbaric of these states and "put the lid" on everybody. Shi Hwang-ti, the new emperor, had many of the scholars put to death and issued an edict that the writings of the past, especially the Confucian writings, should be destroyed (213 B.C.). Though the emperor behaved like a man who took literally the Taoist views as to the blessings of ignorance, it is not clear from our chief authority, the historian Ssu-ma Ch'ien, that he acted entirely or indeed mainly under Taoist influence.

It is proper to add that though Lao-tzů proclaims that the soft is superior to the hard, a doctrine that should appeal to the Occidental sentimentalist, one does not find in him or in the other Taoists the equivalent of the extreme emotional expansiveness of the Rousseauist. There are passages, especially in Lao-tzů, that in their emphasis on concentration and calm are in line with the ordinary wisdom of the East; and even where the doctrine is unmistakably primitivistic the emotional quality is often different from that of the corresponding movement in the West.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

My only justification for these very unsystematic bibliographical notes is that, bringing together as they do under one cover material somewhat scattered and inaccessible to most readers, they may help to add to the number, now unfortunately very small, of those who have earned the right to have an opinion about romanticism as an international movement. A list of this kind is a fragment of a fragment. I have given, for example, only a fraction of the books on Rousseau and scarcely any of the books, thousands in numbers, which without being chiefly on Rousseau, contain important passages on him. I may cite almost at random as instances of this latter class, the comparison between Burke and Rousseau in the fifth volume of Lecky's History of the Eighteenth Century; the stanzas on Rousseau in the third canto of Childe Harold; the passage on Rousseau in Hazlitt's essay on the Past and Future (Table Talk).

The only period that I have covered with any attempt at fullness is that from about 1795 to 1840. Books that seem to me to possess literary distinction or to deal authoritatively with some aspect of the subject I have marked with a star. I make no claim, however, to have read all the books I have listed, and my rating will no doubt often be questioned in the case of those I have read.

I have not as a rule mentioned articles in periodicals. The files of the following special publications may often be consulted with profit. Those that have current bibliographies I have marked with a dagger.

† Revue d'Histoire littéraire de la France. vue germanique (Eng. and German).

Anglia.

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† Englische Studien ·† Mitteilungen über Englische Sprache und Literatur (Beiblatt zur Anglia). —† Arohiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen (Herrigs Archiv). —†Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur Kritischer Jahresbericht der romanischen Philologie - Germanisch-Romanische Monatschrift - Euphorion (German lit.). — † Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur.

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Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. † Modern Language Notes (Baltimore). Modern Philology (Chicago).· The Journal of English and Germanic Philology (Urbana, Ill.).—† Studies in Philology (Univ. of North Car.).—† The Modern Language Review (Cambridge, Eng.).

Works that are international in scope and that fall either wholly or in part in the romantic period are as follows: L. P. Betz: *La Littérature Comparée, Essai bibliographique, 2e éd. augmentée, 1904.-A. Sayous: Le XVIIIe siècle à l'étranger, 2 vols. 1861.-H. Hettner: * Literaturgeschichte des 18. Jahr. 1872. 6 vols. 5th edn. 1909. (Still standard.) - G. Brandes: * Main Currents in 19th Century Literature, 6 vols. 1901 ff. Originally given as lectures in Danish at the University of Copenhagen and trans. into German, 1872 ff. (Often marred by political "tendency.") T. Süpfle: Geschichte des deutschen Kultureinflusses auf Frankreich, 2 vols. 1886-90. V. Rossel: Hist. de la litt. fr. hors de France. 2o éd. 1897.-C. E. Vaughan: The Romantic Revolt, 1900. - T. S. Omond: The Romantio Triumph, 1900. (A somewhat colorless book.)

ENGLISH FIELD

* The Cambridge History of English Literature, vols. X, XI, XII, 1913 ff. (Excellent bibliographies.) — See also articles and bibliographies in *Dictionary of National Biography, Chambers Encyclopædia of English Literature (new edn.) and Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edn.).

L. Stephen: * History of English Thought in the 18th Century, 1876. (To be consulted for the deistic prelude to emotional naturalism. The author's horizons are often limited by his utilitarian outlook.) — T. S. Seccombe: The Age of Johnson, 1900. E. Bernbaum's English Poets of the 18th Century, 1918. (An anthology so arranged as to illustrate the growth of sentimentalism.) — W. L. Phelps: The Beginnings of the English Romantic Movement, 1893. — H. A. Beers: A History of English Romanticism in the 18th Century, 1898. A History of English Romanticism in the 19th Century, 1901. (Both vols. are agreeably written but start from a very inadequate definition of romanticism.) — C. H. Herford: The Age of Wordsworth, 1897.-G. Saintsbury: Nineteenth Century Literature, 1896.-A. Symons: The Romantic Movement in English Poetry, 1909. (Ultra-romantic in outlook.) — W. J. Courthope: History of English Poetry, vols. v and vi, 1911. —O. Elton: * A Survey of English Literature, 1780-1830, 1912. (A distinguished treatment of the period, at once scholarly and literary. The point of view is on the whole romantic, as appears in the use of such general terms as "beauty and the "infinite.") — H. Richter: Geschichte der englischen Romantik, 1911 ff. — W. A. Neilson: The Essentials of Poetry, 1912. (The point of view appears in a passage like the following, pp. 192-93: According to Arnold high seriousness "is the final criterion of a great poet. One might suggest it as a more fit criterion for a great divine. . . . The element for which Arnold was groping when he seized on the σroud of Aristotle was not seriousness but intensity.") - P. E. More: * The Drift of Romanticism (Shelburne Essays, Eighth Series), 1913. (Deals also with the international aspects of the movement, especially in the essay on Nietzsche. The point of view has much in common with my own.)

George Lillo: The London Merchant; or The History of George Barnwell, 1731. Fatal Curiosity, 1737. Both plays ed. with intro. by A. W. Ward, 1906. (Bibliography.) E. Bernbaum: The Drama of Sensibility, 1696–1780, 1915.

S. Richardson, 1689-1761: Novels, ed. L. Stephen, 12 vols. 1883.

D. Diderot: Eloge de R., 1761. Reprinted in Euvres complètes, vol. v. — J. Jusserand: Le Roman Anglais, 1886. — J. O. E. Donner: R. in der deutschen Romantik, 1896. — W. L. Cross: The Development of the English Novel (chap. II, "The 18th Century Realists"), 1899.-J. Texte: *J.-J. Rousseau et les Origines du Cosmopolitisme littéraire. Eng. trans. by J. W. Matthews, 1899. -C. L. Thomson: Samuel Richardson: a Biographical and Critical Study, 1900. - A. Dobson: S. R., 1902.

L.Sterne, 1713-68: Collected Works, ed. G. Saintsbury, 6 vols. 1894. Ed. W. L. Cross, 12 vols. 1904.

P. Fitzgerald: Life of S., 2 vols. 1864. 3d edn. 1906.-P. Stapfer: Laurence Sterne, 1870.- H. D. Traill: Sterne, 1882. - L. Stephen: Sterne. Hours in a Library, vol. 1, 1892. — J. Czerny: Sterne, Hippel, und Jean Paul, 1904. H. W. Thayer: L. S. in Germany, 1905. P. E. More: Shelburne Essays, 3d Series, 1905. - W. L. Cross: The Life and Times of L. S., 1909. — W. Sichel:

Sterne, 1910. - L. Melville: The Life and Letters of L. S., 2 vols. 1911.-F. B. Barton: Etude sur l'influence de S. en France au XVIIIe siècle, 1911.

Henry Mackenzie: The Man of Feeling, 1771. Horace Walpole: The Castle of Otranto, 1765. — Clara Reeve: The Champion of Virtue, 1777. Title changed to The Old English Baron in later edns. Thomas Amory: Life of John Buncle, Esq., 4 vols. 1756–66. New edn. (with intro. by E. A. Baker), 1904. — Henry Brooke: The Fool of Quality, 5 vols. 1766–70. Ed. E. A. Baker, 1906. William Beckford: An Arabian Tale [Vathek], 1786. In French, 1787. Ed. R. Garnett, 1893. L. Melville: The Life and Letters of William Beckford, 1910. — P. E. More: W. B., in The Drift of Romanticism, 1913.

Edward Young, 1683-1765: Works, 6 vols. 1757-78. Poetical Works (Aldine Poets), 1858.- George Eliot: The Poet Y., in Essays, 2d edn. 1884. — W. Thomas: Le poète E. Y., 1901.-J. L. Kind: E. Y. in Germany, 1906. — H. C. Shelley: The Life and Letters of E. Y., 1914.

James Macpherson, 1736-96: Fingal, 1762. Temora, 1763. The Works of Ossian, ed. W. Sharp, 1896.- For bibliography of Ossian and the Ossianic controversy see Lowndes's Bibliographer's Manual, part vi, 1861.-J. S. Smart: James Macpherson, 1905.

Thomas Percy: Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, 3 vols. 1765. Ed. H. B. Wheatley, 3 vols. 1876 and 1891. - A. C. C. Gaussen: Percy, Prelate and Poet, 1908.

Thomas Chatterton, 1752-70: Complete Poetical Works, ed. with intro. and bibliography by H. D. Roberts, 2 vols. 1906. Poetical Works, with intro. by Sir 8. Lee, 2 vols. 1906-09. A. de Vigny: Chatterton. Drame, 1835- D. Masson: Chatterton in Essays, 1856. - T. Watts-Dunton: Introduction to poems of C., in Ward's English Poets. — C. E. Russell: Thomas Chatterton, 1909. - J. H. Ingram: The True Chatterton, 1910.

Thomas Warton: The History of English Poetry, 1774-88. C. Rinaker: Thomas Warton, 1916. — Joseph Warton: Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope, 2 vols. 1756-82. - Paul-Henri Mallet: Introduction à l'Hist. de Danne

marc, 2 vols. 1755-56 - F. E. Farley: Scandinavian Influence on the English Romantic Movement, 1903 (Bibliography). — R. Hurd: Letters on Chivalry and Romance, 1762; ed. E. J. Morley, 1911.

W. Godwin, 1756–1836: Political Justice, 1793. Caleb Williams, 1794.

C. K. Paul: W. G., his Friends and Contemporaries, 2 vols 1876.-W. Hazlitt: W. G., in The Spirit of the Age, 1902. — L. Stephen: W. G.'s Novels. Studies of a Biographer, vol. I, 1902. - P. Ramus: W. G. der Theoretiker des kommunistischen Anarchismus, 1907. — H. Saitzeff: W. G. und die Anfänge des Anarchismus im xviii Jahrhundert, 1907. - Helene Simon: W. G. und Mary Wollstonecraft, 1909.-H. Roussin: W. G., 1912.

R. Burns, 1759-96: The Complete Poetical Works, ed. J. L. Robertson, 3 vols. 1896.-J. C. Ewing: Selected List of the Works of R. B., and of Books upon his Life and Writings, 1899.

W. Wordsworth: Letter to a Friend of R. Burns, 1816. T. Carlyle: Burns, 1828. Rptd. 1854. On Heroes and Hero-Worship, 1841. — J. G. Lockhart: Life of R. Burns, 1828. - H. A. Taine: Histoire de la Littérature Anglaise, vol. III, 1863-64. J. C. Shairp: R. Burns, 1879.-R. L. Stevenson: Familiar Studies

of Men and Books, 1882. - M. Arnold: Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888. A. Angellier: * R. Burns: la vie et les œuvres, 2 vols. 1893. —T. F. Henderson: R. Burns, 1904. - W. A. Neilson: Burns: How to Know Him, 1917. W. Blake, 1759-1827: The Poetical Works, ed. with an intro. and textual notes by J. Sampson, 1913.

A. Gilchrist: Life of B., 2 vols. 1863. New edn. 1906.-A. C. Swinburne: W. B., 1868. New edn. 1906. -A. T. Story: W. B., 1893.-J. Thomson (B.V.): Essay on the Poems of W. B., in Biographical and Critical Studies, 1896. — W. B. Yeats: Ideas of Good and Evil, 1903. — F. Benoit: Un Maître de l'Art. B. le Visionnaire, 1906. — P. E. More: Shelburne Essays, Fourth Series, 1906. — P. Berger: W. B., 1907. - S. A. Brooke: Studies in Poetry, 1907. - E. J. Ellis: The Real B., a Portrait Biography, 1907. — B. de Selincourt: W. B., 1909. G. Saintsbury: A History of English Prosody, vol. 1, 1910. — J. H. Wicksteed: B.'s Vision of the Book of Job, 1910.- H. C. Beeching: B.'s Religious Lyrics. Essays and Studies by Members of the Eng. Association, vol. I, 1912. - A. G. B. Russell: The Engravings of W. B., 1912.

W. Wordsworth, 1770-1850: Poetical Works, ed. T. Hutchinson, 1904. Poems, chosen and edited by M. Arnold, 1879. Prose Works, ed. W. Knight, 2 vols. 1896. Wordsworth's Literary Criticism, ed. N. C. Smith, 1905.

W. Hazlitt: The Spirit of the Age, 1825. — C. Wordsworth: Memoirs of W. W., 2 vols. 1851.-T. B. Macaulay: Critical and Historical Essays, 1852. — J. R. Lowell: Among my Books, 1870. — R. H. Hutton: Essays Theological and Literary, 2 vols. 1871. — J. C. Shairp: W., 1872. — S. A. Brooke: Theology in the English Poets, 1874. 10th edn. 1907. E. Dowden: Studies in Literature, 1878. New Studies in Literature, 1895. - W. Bagehot: Literary Studies, 1879.

F. W. H. Myers: W., 1881.-J. H. Shorthouse: On the Platonism of W., 1882.-W. A. Knight: Memorials of Coleorton, 2 vols. 1887. Letters of the Wordsworth Family from 1787 to 1855, 1907. — M. Arnold: * Essays in Criticism, Second Series, 1888. - P. Bourget: Etudes et Portraits, vol. 1, 1888. W. H. Pater: Appreciations, 1889. L. Stephen: Hours in a Library, vol. 11, 1892. Studies of a Biographer, vol. 1. 1898. - Dorothy Wordsworth: Journals, ed. W. Knight, 2 vols. 1897. E. Legouis:* The Early Life of W., 1770–98. Trans. by J. W. Matthews, 1897. — E. Yarnall: W. and the Coleridges, 1899. W. A. Raleigh: W., 1903. — K. Bōmig: W. W. im Urteile seiner Zeit, 1906. A. C. Bradley: Eng. Poetry and German Philosophy in the Age of W., 1909. — M. Reynolds: The Treatment of Nature in Eng. Poetry between Pope and W., 1909. (Bibliography.) L. Cooper: A Concordance to the Poems of W. W., 1911. E. S. Robertson: Wordsworthshire. An Introduction to a Poet's Country, 1911.

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W. Scott, 1771-1832: Poetical Works, ed. J. L. Robertson, 1904. The Warerly Novels (Oxford edn.), 25 vols. 1912. The Miscellaneous Prose Works, 30 vols. 1834-71.

W. Hazlitt: The Spirit of the Age, 1825. J. G. Lockhart: * Memoirs of the Life of Sir W. S. Baronet, 2 vols. 1837-38. - T. Carlyle: Sir W. S., 1838. — G. Grant: Life of Sir W. S., 1849. - L. Stephen: Hours in a Library, vol. 1, 1874. The Story of S.'s Ruin. Studies of a Biographer, vol. п, 1898. — R. H. Hutton: Sir W. S., 1876. W. Bagehot: The Waverley Novels in Literary Studies, vol. П, 1879. - G. Smith: Sir W. S., in Ward's English Poets, vol. iv, 1883. — R. L. Stevenson: A Gossip on Romance in Memories and Portraits, 1887. — J.