2. In sentences of negative force, 'and,' 'or,' are rendered by ni: Honneurs ni richesses ne font le Honours and wealth do not constibonheur. tute happiness. 3. Observe the following equivalents of 'neither,' 'not either,' 'nor either,' 'nor,' when not correlative: Je ne le ferai pas.-Ni moi non plus. Il ne le fera pas non plus. Il ne l'a pas fait, et il ne le fera pas. I shall not do it.-Nor I either (or Neither shall I). He will not do it either. He has not done it, nor will he (do it). is followed by the indicative 458. Que. 1. Que = 'that' or subjunctive according to the context: Je dis que vous avez raison. I say that you are right. Je suis fâché que vous ayez raison. I am sorry that you are right. 2. Que often replaces another conjunction; when so used, it takes the same construction as the conjunction for which it stands, except that que instead of si='if' always requires the subjunctive: Quand vous aurez fini, et que vous aurez le temps. When you have finished, and (when you) have time. Venez que (='afin que,' 'pour Come that I may see you. que') je vous voie. Si vous venez demain, et que vous ayez le temps. If you come to-morrow, and (if you) have time. 3. Que may not be omitted before a finite verb, as 'that' often is in English: Je crois qu'il viendra et qu'il res- I think (that) he will come and (that he will) stay. tera. 459. Distinctions. The following conjunctions are especially liable to be confounded in use: 1. Quand, Lorsque. They are equivalents in the sense of 'when,' but quand (not 'lorsque') serves also as an interrogative adverb in direct or indirect questions: Quand est-il arrivé? Dis-moi quand il est arrivé. When did he come? Tell me when he came. We shall leave when the letter comes. 2. Pendant que, Tandis que. Pendant que='while,' 'whilst,' 'during the time that'; tandis que='while,' 'whilst,' 'during the time that,' and also, 'whilst,' 'on the contrary,' 'whereas ' : Le père travaille, tandis que le fils The father works, while the son Il me faut rester, puisqu'il n'y a I must remain, since there is no pas de train ce soir. train this evening. THE INTERJECTION. 460. Interjections. The commoner interjections and expressions used as such are: 1. Joy, admiration, approval: ah!, ah! ha, ha! or hi, hi! (to denote laughter). bon!, good! bien !, good! à merveille!, capital! 2. Disgust, disapproval, fi!, fie! fi donc !, for shame! fie de !, fie on! à la bonne heure!, well done!, that's right! bis!, encore ! bravo! or bravissimo!, well done!, bravo! hourra! or vivat!, hurrah! indifference: foin de !, a plague upon! hé!, or ohé !, or holà !, ho!, hoy! st!, hi there! NOTE.-Akin to interjections are imitations of sounds: Cric crac!, breaking; drelin, drelin or drelin, din, din!, ringing; pan pan !, bang; pif paf!, gunshots; boum!, cannonading; rataplan!, drum; dare dare!, quick movement; cahin-caha, jogging along; clopin-clopant, hobbling; tic tac, ticking, etc. ABBREVIATIONS. 461. French Abbreviations. The following are the commoner abbreviations used in French : M. R. or M.R... Monsieur R. or Me (pl. Mes)=maître, is used with cellency. S. M. (pl. LL. MM.)=Sa Majesté, Mgr. (pl. NNSS.) = monseigneur, S.S. Sa Sainteté, His Holiness. my lord. Mlle (pl. Miles) = Mademoiselle, = s. v. p. s'il vous plaît, if you = Ier (in titles) premier, the First. Le XVe siècle, etc. le quinzième siècle, the 15th century. ler (fem. lere) = premier, first. 1° primo, firstly. 7bre=septembre, September. Etc. EXERCISES. [The references at the head of the exercises are to the sections in the Grammar on which they are based.] EXERCISE I, a. (§§ 156-161.) 1. What are you eating? 2. We are eating apples. 3. It was necessary that they should eat. 4. Who is calling? 5. We are calling. 6. The general leads his army. 7. We shall lead the horses. 8. Who is throwing stones? 9. It will freeze. 10. He is buying a coat. 11. We never yield. 12. They will never yield. 13. The servant is peeling apples. 14. When will he pay? 15. They never pay. 16. The servant is cleaning the kitchen. 17. We shall clean our gun. 18. The little girl wipes the dishes. 19. The farmer sows the seed. 20. It is freezing. 21. We are going to school. 22. We went home. 23. They used to go to market on Saturdays. 24. He will send it. 25. The servant is bringing the horses. 26. I send him there. 27. I shall go to school. 28. Let them go to the city. 29. It was necessary that you should go there. 30. They will buy a box. 31. Let us bring the children. 32. Bring the children. 33. Let him not throw stones. 34. We have led the horses to the stable. 35. Let us trace a line. 36. We are advancing. 37. They were eating. 38. We ate. 39. They will eat. 40. Let us advance. 41. Let us never yield. 42. Let us call the children. 43. Let us not go there. 44. The queen has been reigning a long time. 45. The children were throwing stones. 46. He led the horse to the stable. 47. He paid the money. 48. The servant wiped the dishes. 49. The child traced a line. EXERCISE II, a. (§§ 162-166.) 1. He is running. 2. Shall we run? 3. Run fast, my little boy. 4. He is acquiring a fortune. 5. It was necessary that we should run. 6. They will conquer that city. 7. The |