3. Unclassified: Par une belle journée d'été ; mettre au feu; pendre contre le mur; dans la rue; dans l'île; dans l'escalier; en (dans un) voyage; en visite (congé); en chemin (route); d'un côté ; tomber par terre; à genoux; dans cette occasion; à cheval (pied); à droite (gauche); à son arrivée ; au contraire; pour affaires. 447. 1. Unclassified: On a fine summer day; to put on the fire; to hang on the wall; on the street; on the island; on the stairs; on a journey; on a visit (a holiday); on the way (the road); on one side; to fall on the ground; on one's knees; on that occasion; on horseback (foot); on the right (the left); on his arrival; on the contrary; on business. Out of. Boire dans un verre; copier dans To drink out of a glass; to copy un livre; regarder par la fenêtre; un sur dix. out of a book; to look out of the window; one out of ten. 1. Denoting motion across = à travers (au travers de), par : Je passai à travers (au travers de) I passed through the forest; to pass la forêt; passer par Berlin. through Berlin. 2. In the sense of because of,' 'owing to,' = par : 1. Denoting the indirect object =à (cf. §362, 2): Je l'ai donné à un ami. I gave it to a friend. 2. Denoting motion to=à, en (cf. § 333, 2, 3); in the sense of 'to the house, etc., of,'' to -'s'=chez: Il va à Paris (à l'école; au Japon; à un bal; en France; en Portugal; chez eux; chez mon ami). = He goes to Paris (to school; to Japan; to a ball; to France; to Portugal; to their house, etc.; to my friend's). 3. In the sense of 'towards' vers (physical tendency), envers (moral tendency) : Levez les yeux vers le ciel ; il est Raise your eyes to heaven; he is juste envers tous. just to all. Sous la table; sous la loi; sous Under the table; under the law; peine de mort. under pain of death. 2. Denoting lower than, less than au-dessous de : Au-dessous du coude; vendre une chose au-dessous de sa valeur. 3. Unclassified: Fouler aux pieds; à cette condition; dans les circonstances; dans la nécessité de ; mineur. = Under the elbow; to sell a thing under its value. To tread under foot; under this condition; under the circumstances; under the necessity of; under age. 1. In the sense of 'along with,' 'in company with '=avec : Dînez avec moi à l'hôtel; un offi- Dine with me at the hotel; an officier avec des soldats. cer with some soldiers. 2. In the sense of at the house, etc., of' = chez : Il demeure chez nous. He lives with us. 3. Denoting instrument, manner=avec (usually): Frapper avec un marteau; écrire To strike with a hammer; to write avec une plume; avec courage (force). 4. Denoting a characteristic =à: Un homme à la barbe noire. with a pen; with courage (force). A man with a black beard. 5. With' of accessory circumstance is usually turned by an absolute construction: Il parla les yeux baissés. He spoke with downcast eyes. 6. In the sense of 'from,' 'on account of,' and after many verbs and adjectives de: Elle pleura de colère; couvrir de; She wept with anger; to cover content de. 7. Unclassified: À l'exception de; à haute voix; à bras ouverts; de bon appétit ; à l'œil nu; de tout mon cœur. with; satisfied with. With the exception of; with a loud voice; with open arms; with a good appetite; with the naked eye; with all my heart. THE CONJUNCTION. 455. Conjunctions. The following table contains most of the conjunctions and conjunctive locutions in use :— †à (la) condition que3, on condition that. *afin que2, in order that, so that. ainsi, therefore, hence. 'ainsi que, as well as, as. alors que, when. à mesure que, as, just as. à proportion que, in proportion as. attendu que, considering that. *au cas que3, in case (that). *bien que*, though, although. *ce n'est pas que, not that. cependant, however, yet. comme, as. +dans le cas où3, in case (that). *de crainte que...ne2, for fear that. +de façon que2, so that. +de (telle) sorte que2, so that. *encore que1, though, although. ten sorte que2, so that. *en supposant que3, supposing that. et, and. et...et, both...and. excepté que, except that. tjusqu'à ce que1, until. *loin que, far from. lorsque, when. mais, but. *malgré que*, though, although. ni...ni...(...ne), neither...nor. *non (pas) que, not that. non seulement... mais encore, not only...but also.. or, now. ou, or. ou...ou, either...or. outre que, besides that. parce que, because. partant, therefore, hence. pendant que, while, whilst. *pour peu que1, if ever so little. *pour que2, in order that. pourtant, yet, however. *pourvu que3, provided that. puisque, since. quand, when. tquand même, though, even if. tque, that, than, as. *quoique*, though, although. *sans que", without. selon que, according as. tsi peu que1, however little. sinon, if not, or else. sitôt que, as soon as. soit...ou, whether...or. *soit que...soit que1, whether...or. * Followed by the subjunctive. Followed by the indicative or subjunctive. *soit que...ou que1, whether...or. vu que, seeing that. N.B.-Conjunctions without * or † in the table are followed by the indicative. 1 See §271, 1 (time before which or up to which). 2 See $271, 2 (purpose or result). 3 See §271, 3 (condition). 4 See §271, 4 (concession). 5 See §271, 5 (negation). 6 See §269, §271, 6, and §458 USE OF CERTAIN CONJUNCTIONS. 456. Et. 1. When repeated, et usually denotes 'both... and'; otherwise it stands with the last only of two or more clauses : Je connais et le père et le fils. Les femmes pleuraient, criaient et gesticulaient. I know both the father and son. The women wept (and) screamed and gesticulated. 2. 'And' after a verb of motion is usually untranslated: Allez leur parler. Go and speak to them. 1. A finite verb with ni or ni...ni must be 457. Ni. preceded by ne: Il n'a ni or ni argent. Il ne mange ni ne boit. He has neither gold nor silver. He neither eats nor drinks. a. For the position of ni...ni...ne, see §416, d. |