b. Others,' 'other people,' = les autres or d'autres, sometimes au trui (cf. §405, 1): Il se méfie toujours des autres. D'autres pensent autrement. Bien d'autres. He always suspects others. Others think otherwise. Many others. Obs.: The d' of d'autres is a partitive sign (cf. § 325, 1, b). c. Autres is often added familiarly to nous, vous: Nous autres peintres. We painters. Vous autres Français parlez très You Frenchmen speak very fast. vite. d. Observe the following expressions with autre : Autre part; de part et d'autre. C'est un (tout) autre homme. Parler de choses et d'autres. L'autre jour. Autre est promettre, autre est donner. Tout autre que lui. De temps à autre. À d'autres (familiar). Elsewhere; reciprocally. He is a very different man. To speak of this and that. It is one thing to promise, and another to give. Any one but him. From time to time. Tell that to the marines (familiar). e. For l'un...l'autre, les uns... les autres, see §406, 7, (2). 3. Même varies in meaning and form according to its position and function : (1) Preceding its noun or as a pronoun, même =‘same,' and nearly always has the article: La (les) même(s) chose(s). Les miens sont les mêmes. Donnez-moi des mêmes. Une même affaire. The same thing(s). Mine are the same. Give me some of the same. Des plantes de la même espèce. Plants of the same species. (2) Following the noun or pronoun qualified, même = 'self,' 'very,' 'even,' and agrees, but has no article: Dieu est la bonté même. God is goodness itself. I myself; they themselves. a. Même is also used as an adverb (invariable): Il nous a même insultés. Quand même il le dirait. He even insulted us. Even if he should say so. b. Même forms a number of highly idiomatic locution3: Cela revient au même. Êtes-vous à même de faire cela? J'irai tout de même. That amounts to the same thing. Are you in a position to do that? 4. Plusieurs = 'several'; it is sometimes used in the sense of beaucoup ='many': Plusieurs hommes (femmes). Plusieurs l'ont cru. Several men (women). I have several of them. 5. Tel, as adjective, = 'such,' 'like'; un tel tel, as pronoun, = 'many a one,' 'he,' 'some,' etc.: Ne crois pas une telle histoire. Il n'y a pas de tels animaux. Telle qu'une tigresse. Tel qui rit vendredi dimanche pleurera (proverb). such a '; Do not believe such a story. Some (many a one, he) who laugh(s) a. Examples of more idiomatic uses are: Tel père, tel fils. Tel rit, tel pleure. Monsieur un tel (Mme une telle). De la musique telle quelle. Votre argent tel quel. Like father, like son. One laughs, another weeps. Mr. So-and-so (Mrs. So-and-so). Music such as it is. Your money intact. NOTE.- Such,' as adverb, is si or tellement (not 'tel'): 'Une si belle étoile'. 'Un homme tellement cruel.' 6. Tout (singular) = 'all,' 'every,' 'any,' 'whole,' etc.; tous (plural) = 'all ' : Toute ma vie; tous les hommes. Tout homme; toute créature. All my (my whole) life; all (the) men. Every (any) man; every creature. C'est tout; de tous côtés. That is all; on all sides. a. Tout is often adverb='quite,' 'wholly,' 'very,' 'very much,' etc., and agrees like an adjective, when immediately preceding a feminine adjective with initial consonant or h aspirate, but is elsewhere invariable: Elles étaient toutes pâles et tout They were quite pale and very much agitées. excited. But Ils étaient tout pâles et tout agités, etc. NOTE. So also, in the compound tout-puissant, e.g., 'Elle est toute-puissante.' b. Observe the following idiomatic expressions: Tout le monde (cf. le monde entier). Tous les mois; pas du tout. Tous les deux jours. Tous (les*) deux or les deux. Tout à l'heure. Tout beau; tout doux. (Pour) tout de bon. Everybody (cf. the whole world). Both. Presently (or a little ago). Seriously. *Tous deux (trois, etc.)-without 'les'-usually denotes simultaneousness' (='both together,' etc.); les is obligatory above ten, and usual from five to ten. c. For the distinction between tout and chaque see §404, 2, a; for tout... que 'however,' see §404, 5, b, note. = 7. Un is used either alone or as correlative to autre : a,' 'an,' (cf. §320), 'one,' 'a = 'one': Les uns sont de cet avis, les autres n'en sont pas. The house is on one side. Here is a pencil.-I have one. are not. a. Un as a pronoun is often preceded by 1', especially with a de clause : L'un des consuls est arrivé. One of the consuls has come. (2) L'un l'autre, so also the feminine and plural, are combined into various correlative phrases, as follows: l'un l'autre 'each other,' 'one another'; pl. ditto. l'un et l'autre='both'; pl., 'both,' 'all.' l'un ou l'autre = 'either'; pl., ditto. ni l'un ni l'autre (. . . ne)='neither'; pl., 'neither,' 'none.' Elles se flattent l'une l'autre. Ils parlent les uns des autres. Les uns et les autres parlent. Dites ceci aux uns et aux autres. Je prends l'un(e) ou l'autre. Parle à l'une ou à l'autre. They flatter each other. They speak of one another. Both occasions. Both (all of them) speak. Say this to both (all). I take either. Speak to either. Ni les un(e)s ni les autres ne sont Neither (none of them) are for pour vous. Ni pour l'un(e) ni pour l'autre. 407. 1. Adjectival: you. Indefinite Relatives. Quoi que (+subj.), whatever. plural, and always follows its noun; forms are made up from quel, quel Any (two) point(s) whatever. Whatever the law was. Whoever you be (may be). Whatever you do. Obs. For the use of the subjunctive, see § 270, 4: b. Qui que and quoi que are also used with ce before soit : Qui que ce soit qui le dise. Whosoever says it. Whatsoever he says. après, afterwards. assez, enough, rather. aujourd'hui, to-day. auparavant, before. aussi, also, too, as. aussitôt, directly. autant, as much. autrefois, formerly. beaucoup, much. bien, well, very, much. bientôt, soon. cependant, however. certes, indeed. combien(?), how much(?). comme, as, like. comment (?), how (?). davantage, more. dedans, inside. dehors, outside. déjà, already. demain, to-morrow. derrière, behind. désormais, henceforth. dessous, under. dessus, above. devant, before. ensuite, then. environ, about. exprès, on purpose. fort, very. ici, here. jadis, formerly. jamais, ever, never. là, there. loin, far(of), a long way. longtemps, (a) long (while). lors, then. maintenant, now. mal, badly. même, even. mieux, better. moins, less. ne..., not. néanmoins, nevertheless. non, no. où (?), where (?). oui, yes. partout, everywhere. pourquoi (?), why (?). pourtant, however. près, near (by). presque, almost. proche, near (by). puis, then, thereupon. quand (?), when(?). que!, how (!) quelquefois, sometimes. si, so; yes. souvent, often. surtout, especially. tant, so much. tantôt, soon, recently. tard, late. tôt, soon. toujours, always, still. tout, quite, entirely. toutefois, however. très, very. trop, too (much). vite, quickly. volontiers, willingly. 409. Adverbs from Adjectives. Most adjectives become adverbs by the addition of -ment to the feminine singular: |