4. When one's articulation is defective, he should find out what letters or combinations of letters represent the sounds that he fails to give, and learn how to adjust the organs of his mouth so as to frame these letters properly. For the benefit of such the following directions are inserted. Comparatively few will be obliged to study them.

VOWELS.

a in ah. Draw in the breath as if about to yawn; then with the teeth about three-fourths of an inch apart, lips drawn back from them, mouth open laterally at the back, tongue drawn down with its middle's side-edges slightly curled up, throw forward the tone, forming the sound just forward of the palate. (See, also, § 10.)

a in all. Same as above. With the lips less drawn back, lower jaw pushed forward a little, tongue relaxed in lower part of mouth, its tip touching lower teeth, form the sound just under the palate. (See $10.)

a in at. Draw in the breath naturally, then same as last. With the center of the tongue more elevated and its side-edges up, form the sound in front of palate.

a in ale. Same. With mouth less open and the center of the tongue more elevated, its side-edges touching the upper back teeth, form the sound between these.

e in eve. With the upper and lower teeth near (not touching) each other, lower jaw slightly projecting, lips apart and sides of the mouth drawn slightly back, showing the eye-teeth, tongue against upper back teeth, its tip almost touching the roof of the mouth just back of the upper front inside gums, form the sound between the tip of the tongue and the roof of the mouth just back of the upper eye-teeth.

e in end. Same position as in a in ale, but uttered more rapidly and with the tip of the tongue slightly lower down.

e in her. Same position as in the last, except that the tongue is curled up against the roof of the mouth about one quarter of an inch back of the upper front teeth. The final r is then formed by pushing the tip of the tongue against the roof of the mouth, leaving a small space between the two.

i in it. Same position as in e in eve, but uttered more rapidly, with the front of the tongue slightly lower down.

i in ice. Begin with the position of a in ah, and pass at once to that of i in it.

o in no. With the teeth apart as in ah, but the lips pushed over them, forming an oval in front, the cheeks slightly drawn in, the lower jaw thrust forward, and the tongue drawn back, form the Bound just behind the upper and lower front gums.

o in on.

(See § 5.)

Same position as in a in ah, but uttered more rapidly.

oo in book and ooze. Take the position of o in no, then push the lips nearer together and farther forward in book, and still farther forward in ooze. The sound in both cases is made between the lips. oi in oil. Begin with the position of a in all, and pass at once to that of i in in.

ou in our. Begin with the position of o in on, and pass at once to that of oo in ooze.

u in up. With the teeth as near together as in e in eve, the lips apart in a natural position, the tongue relaxed and full, its tip against the lower front teeth, make the sound just under the uvula, by a slight forward movement of the lower jaw.

u in use. Begin with the position of e in eve, to that of oo.

u in bull. Same as oo in look shortened.

and pass at once

a, e, i, o, u, y, aw, ew, ow, in any, they, marine, fir, son, wolf, or, rude, my, very, law, few, now, represent respectively the same sounds as are in end, ale, eve, her, up, bull, all, ooze, ice, in, all, use, our.

The following table has been arranged so as to show, when read up and down, how the vowel sounds approach each other, but chiefly to bring out another important fact, which, strangely enough to one who considers how much the position of the tongue has to do with the vowel sounds, seems hitherto to have been almost entirely overlooked.

5. Table showing Vowel Sounds, and how they are modified by consonant sounds that follow them:

In each line below, when read across the page, the vowel sound is the same, but, whenever one pronounces it quickly and naturally, the consonant following it changes the position of the tongue, so that, instinctively and necessarily, this is

Those who are manufacturing phonetic alphabets should notice that the peculiar sound of the vowel that distinguishes ask and bath from fat, far and

6. These are divided into sub-vocals, which are all uttered with a murmuring sound which one should learn to prolong and make loud; and aspirates, which are produced by a current of the whispering breath, forced through certain positions of the lips, tongue or palate. I. Sub-vocals that have no corresponding Aspirates.

a. In these, the breath passes through the nostrils:

The lips are closed in m in moon.

The lips are open in n in noon, and the tongue's tip touches upper inside front gums.

The lips are open in ng in anguish, and the tongue's middle touches the palate.

b. In these, the breath passes through the mouth:

The tip of the tongue in 1 in dwell touches the mouth's roof just behind the upper inside front gums, and the breath passes around the tip at either side of the tongue.

The tip of the tongue in y in your is down, its sides touch the upper side teeth, and the breath passes between its middle and the palate.

The sides of the tongue in r in row touch the upper side teeth, the tip is turned upward and backward, and the breath passes between it and a point in the mouth's roof about half an inch behind the gums.

The tongue in r in core is slightly farther forward.

II. Sub-vocals, with their corresponding Aspirates.

a. In these the breath is checked and confined till the organs separate to give it explosive vent. This separation is in the

father from what, and bur from but, depends on the following consonant, and therefore needs no separate vowel representative. Ask and bath are to fat as quiz and rhythm to it, buzz and mother to but, puss and butcher to put, browse and mouthing to out; so between father and what the difference is no greater than between author and nor, or mouthing and out; and bur is to but as far to what, poor to moot, mere to meet.

*The movements of the tongue in pronouncing all these will show that there is a double action of the vocal organs, but the second or vanishing sound is distinctly recognized only when it is one that might be represented by some form of I or u, which two stand at the extremes of the regularly graded series, i, e, a, o, u; so the last vowels in music (iu) and fractious (iu) are more distinct than in lain (ea) and piece (ie).

In d dole and t

toll

the lips join.

the lower lip touches the upper

teeth.

the tongue's tip touches the upper inside front gums.

In j jar and ch char the tongue's tip touches the mouth's

In g gay and k kay

roof just behind upper inside front gums.

the tongue's middle touches the corresponding palate.

b. In these the breath is allowed to escape gradually between the organs mentioned:

Sub-vocals accompanied

with vocalization.

In w

Aspirates unaccompanied

with vocalization.

way and wh whey between the lips pushed forward. In th this and th thistle between the tongue's tip and the teeth.

between the tongue's tip and upper inside front gums.

In

In

In z zone and 8
azure and sh sure
h hah

sown

between the tongue's tip and roof
of mouth behind gums.
between the tongue's middle and
palate.

III. Notice also that the position of the lips and tongue is the same in m, b and p; n; d and t; and ng, g and k. (See EXERCISE, § 11.)

CONSONANT COMBINATIONS.

In practicing upon the consonants it is better to repeat over the separate consonants or combinations of consonants than the whole words in which they are found. Otherwise there is danger that the articulation, instead of becoming proper, will become precise, one of the worst of faults.

Most persons will not need any more exercises upon the consonants than those in §§ 11, 12. But when articulation is particularly defective in connection with certain letters or combinations of letters, may be found advantageous to practice over such of the following exercises as contain them.

it

m in gum, blanıe, realm, calm, phlegm, moment, mammon, tempter, monumentary, matrimony,-He was most mindful of that mysterious melancholy- The moment he came home he mounted the mule-The mutterings of the maddened communists made music for me.

n in noun, nine, stolen, swollen, barn, mown, name, gnarl, design, banner, frozen, reason, heathen, shapen, Briton, deaden, non

entity, unanimous, an ice, a nice, an ocean, a notion, an oyster, an uncle, an aunt, a niece, an ink-bottle, a numbskull,—When lightning and dread thunder rend stubborn rocks asunder, and monarchs die with wonder-What news do you know?

ng in gang, king, length, bank, being, bringing, robin, robbing, chapping, chopping, anguish, concourse, banquet, anxiety, reading, writing, dancing and singing,-Being all deserving of strong consideration.

1 in all, marl, earl, love, isle, loins, lively, lovely, helm, castle, axle, grovel, able, liberty, looming,-We cast one longing, lingering look behind-Explain, exclaim and explode-The heavily-laden load loomed up.

y in yawn, yell, he, hear, ye, year, you, use, youthful, useful, million, Asia, studios,-Also u in duke, tune, new, Tuesday,―The new tune suits the duke-Youth with ill-humor is odious.

r in raw, wrap, fry, bray, pray, grope, dray, tray, shrill, shriek, throw, raiment, rampart, wrestle, christian, rural, around, erect, rebel, dreading, dredging, memorandum, remuneration, repetition,The grunting groom groaned grossly at the glittering robe-Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear-The armed rhinoceros -Rend with tremendous sound your ears asunder, with gun, drum, trumpet, blunderbus and thunder.

r in fir, cur, nor, bur, err, hire, core, pure, terse, force, marsh, scarf, dark, card, garb, learn, pearl, hearth, swerve, pardon, mercy, virtue, mortgage, commerce, debar, appear, expire, demure,-What man dare I dare-I hear thee near, I start and fear.

b in bab, barb, babe, bib, bulb, embark, babboon, abrogate, fabulous, ebony, liberty, barbarous, barbican.

p in pap, pate, pet, pipe, pope, pippin, proper, topple, puritan, papacy, populous.

b and p in Where boundless rest that borders boundless love abides in bliss of bounty absolute-The north-sea bubble put the public in a hubbub-Here piles of pins extend their shining rows, puffs, powders, patches, bibles, billet-doux-Abuse the city's best good men in meter, and laugh at peers that put their trust in Peter. v or ph, f, in vat, vain, pave, weave, hive, void, ravel, heaven, even, given, vivid, votive, Stephen, twelve, of.

f or ph, gh, in far, for, fry, deaf, calf, laugh, tough, phrase, phial, profit, deafen, roughen, soften, epitaph, phaeton, phonetic.

v and f in The vile vagabond ventured to vilify the venerable voter-Down in the vale where the leaves of the grove wave over the graves-He filled the draught and freely quaffed, and puffed the fragrant fume and laughed -The flaming fire flashed full in his face.

d in dad, did, dead, aid, made, longed, hedged, saved, writhed, walled, ebbed, damaged, modest, pedant, udder, deadly, adjourned. t in tat, tight, debt, laced, danced, chafed, laughed, wrecked, matter, totter, titter, testament, titillate, destitute, taciturn, testator, attainment, intestate.

d and t in Down in the deep dungeon he did delve-He discovered naught but deserts and despair-And of those demons that are found in fire, air, flood, or under ground-To inhabit a mansion