victorious natives; and, though the hills and hollows there discernible are probably but the remains of exhausted stone quarries, worked since the Norman Conquest, a battle may yet have taken place on the site, in which the Northmen encountered the Saxons of Leicester. The old and now obsolete custom of the "Whipping Toms"* has also been derived from the expulsion of the Danes from Leicester by the Saxon inhabitants, the waggoners having used their heavy whips and the labourers their flails in the affray. Among supposed remains of the Danes I am induced to class the large tumulus at Ratcliffe known as "Shipley Hill," and which the unlettered peasantry say covers the remains of a formerly famous Captain Shipley. But the name speaks for itself: it signifies in the Saxon the "ship meadow," from the resemblance of the hill to a ship turned keel upwards. A similar example occurs in another county, but the name has reference merely to the site. Looking at the nearness of the tumulus to the Wreke,-scarcely two miles from the spot where it empties itself into the Soar, and just at the entrance to the district of the Scandinavian settlements on both banks of the Wreke,-I think it far from improbable that here was once fought some general engagement between the Anglian population and the Danish intruders, the tumulus being at once a burial-place and a memorial of the event. The cross in Rothley churchyard is also an interesting relic of the Scandinavian settlement. It is certainly attributable to that people, and denotes the last resting-place of some Danish chieftain, a convert to Christianity, whose monument was erected either in the tenth or eleventh century. There are no runes, or Danish characters, upon it; but this may be owing to the association of magical influence with the employment of those singular marks, which an adoption of Christianity might lead the Northman sculptor to reject as heathenish. In addition to these remains of the Scandinavians, I am induced to add the encampments at Ratby, Ingarsby, and Humberstone. It is certain that Ratby speaks for itself as a "cleared place near a settlement," and it occupies just such a position for an advanced outpost of the Danes, with a decidedly Anglian frontier before them, as they might be expected to establish. Ingarsby may have been the post occupied by Ingvar (one of the sons of the famous Regnar Lodbrog), when he and his brother Hubba subjugated the Midlands about the middle of the ninth century. Humberston may be a corruption of Hubba's tun, or the settlement of Ingvar's brother; and the embankments and fosse near that village, known now as Swann's Orchard, are perchance the relics of a site whence that fearless Northman once issued, to join with his equally fearless brother in many an onslaught on the terrified inhabitants. Leaving these conjectures, I now enter on surer grounds of proof that we have evidence among us of the descendants of ancient races, to be recognised in the surnames they bear. Before adducing these instances I would, however, premise that surnames are not of themselves unfailing evidence of descent. It is not every bearer of a Norman name whose ancestors were Normans; for such names have been often assumed unwarrantably, and have been conferred by lords on their vassals. Accuracy in these cases is only to be determined by the researches of the genealogist, confirmed by the craniologist and the physiognomist. Still, we have yet in Leicestershire (as elsewhere) unquestionable representatives of the old Norman knights and soldiers who fought under William's banner at Hastings. Among these I class the Mannerses, the Turvilles, the Nevilles, the Belgraves, the Pagets, the Bassetts, and some few others. The tall, sinewy forms, aquiline noses, dark grey or hazel eyes, and dignified bearing of some of the bearers of these chivalrous names, attest the justice of the classification. The Norwegian-Danish Erics or Heyricks still also bear evidence of the presence in our county of the descendants of that race; while many names in the middle and lower classes are as purely Danish as those used at this day in Denmark. Upon this point * Described in our Magazine for July last, p. 32. we have the testimony of Worsaae. As that gentleman acutely and widely observed what came before him in his visit, with the eye of a native Dane and a learned antiquary, his statements have here a peculiar value. He states that in the midland and northern counties of England he frequently met with old Scandinavian national names, such as Thorkil, Erik, Halden, Harold, Else, and others; but yet more frequently with such as Adamson, Jackson, Johnson, Nelson, Thomson, Stevenson, Swainson, and so forth. The termination in son or sön is, he says, quite peculiar to the countries of Scandinavia, and is never found in Saxon names. It was introduced into England by the Danish and Norwegian settlers; and he adds that the name of Johnson, one of the commonest among us, is that which, even at the present day, occurs most frequently in Iceland. He says, moreover, that in the districts here alluded to he saw every moment, especially in the rural parts, faces exactly resembling those at home. Had he met the same persons in Denmark or Norway, it would never have entered his mind they were foreigners: in Northumberland, this was remarkably the case, the rather broad faces, slightly projecting cheek-bones, rather flat and in some cases upturned noses, light eyes and hair, and compact, middlesized frames, reminding him of the Danes and Norwegians of the present day, who are descended from a common ancestry, who contrast strongly with south Englanders. The temper, too, of the people in the north of this country and the south seemed to Worsaae to be opposite: the northern Englishman is, he remarks, firmer and harder, bordering on the severe, possessing an unusually strong feeling of freedom. He cites the case of the "tetchy" and hasty, but determined and independent Yorkshireman, as a contrast to that of the softer and more compliant Englishman of the southern counties. Of the Saxon or Anglian element, so near akin to the Danish, we have many evidences in the county in the surnames, physiognomies, temper, and habits of the population. As a rule, the surnames are taken from trades and occupations, from the villages whence the first bearers of them immigrated into borough towns, from GENT. MAG. VOL. XL. bodily peculiarities, and from accidental circumstances. Hence, I think, we may class the Bakers, Butchers, Coopers, Dyers, Farmers, Falconers, Gunners, Goldsmiths, Ironmongers, Moneyers, Mercers, Painters, Quilters, Smiths, Spicers (the ancient word for grocer), Taverners, Vintners, Wheelers (or Wheelwrights), Wrights, and many other words signifying trades or occupations, with the Saxon race; as well as those which are known to us as names of villages, such as Frisby, Kilby, Wigston, Brooksby, and others; though in the latter instance there are families of Norman origin who took their names from their estates, and whose pedigrees are traceable from Norman or very early times, as the Belgraves, Ashbys, Skeffingtons, Farnhams, and so forth. Among the persons of Saxon descent may be found, also (as already suggested), the Thins and the Thicks, the Longs and the Shorts, the Biggs and the Littles, the Greats (or Greets) and the Smalls, the Proudmans and the Meeks, the Whites and the Blacks, the Browns and the Greens, the Greys and the Oranges, with Wrynecks, Greatheads, Hands, Legges, and others too numerous to mention. Many of these are, in some parts of England, to be found associated with persons in the classes of the gentry and nobility, either owing to their own or their ancestors' energy and fortune. We believe the Saxon type of bodily configuration in most respects resembles the Scandinavian, except that those who possess it are generally lower in stature, have often larger hands and feet, a bluer eye, a fairer complexion, have auburn or flaxen hair, and are more inclined to corpulency. In character they are "slow but sure," patient, humane, industrious, unobtrusive, moderate in most respects, practical and not showy: in short, they manifest the distinctive dispositions and qualities of the average English character. Of the old Celtic races, dark hair and eyes, low stature, a slight frame, a quick and impulsive disposition, a naturally polite and smooth demeanour, a gay temper, a ready perception, are supposed to be some of the prevailing evidences. They preponderate more in the cities and the large towns than in the villages: it is 4 E in the latter where the intermixture of races is less obvious. Of the dialects of Leicestershire, ethnologically considered, little can at present be advanced. In the county town, and at Loughborough, the word "gate" still in various instances indicates a street (in accordance with old Scandinavian usage); but, on looking over Dr. Evans's work on Leicestershire Words and Phrases, I find few if any of the words from the Norse language common in the north of England. This I attribute to the Rev. Doctor's collection having been mainly derived from south-western or Anglian Leicestershire; but I learn that the Christmas block (elsewhere called the yule log) still burns on the hearth at Christmas in the farmhouses in Framland hundred, and a fragment is carried away to be consumed entirely when the hospitable season returns, just as was probably the wont among those who settled on the banks of the Wreke a thousand years bygone. But I must bring this paper to an end; and in doing so I would remark-happy may we be that differences of race, once associated with feelings of hatred and revenge, are now forgotten except by the antiquary! Still the differences are traceable among us, but subservient to the national welfare. We have yet the chivalry and high breeding of the Norman, the intrepid valour and seamanship of the Scandinavian, the patient and indomitable courage of the Saxon, the taste and polish and ingenuity of the Celt, in being in our midst,-all tending to the honour, the stability, and the prosperity of Britain. We have, perhaps, had in our age as types of these, Wellington the true descendant of the Northman, Nelson of the Dane, and Cobbett of the Saxon. And when we contemplate the combination, how naturally may we cherish the proud feeling that, let all the hosts of Hun, Turk, Russ, Sclave, Croat, and Gaul embattle themselves together against us, like as the white cliffs of Albion hurl back the menacing surges and rushing tides, so will our foes be hurled, wave after wave, should they ever throw themselves in invasion on our free and glorious island! A SONNET, TRIBUTARY TO THE POEt wordswoRTH, Chief of the Contemplative Poets (this seems his peculiar praise), centoed, if the expression may be ventured, from his Works. Bard of the Heart! your powers do not create WANDERINGS OF AN ANTIQUARY. THERE are other objects of interest in the neighbourhood of Salisbury sufficient to retain the visitor a few days. Among these we must place first the site of the old city of Sarum. Our way thither lies northward from the modern city, on leaving which we may either take the high road, or a walk across the fields which turns off to the left, and leads us along the bottom of the valley, with one of the branches of the river, which here separates and incloses some meadows that form an island, pursuing its winding course through the fields to the left. After awhile we turn our back upon the river, and crossing the road begin to ascend the hill, with the entrenchrise up in such bold outline above ments of Old Sarum before us, which every object around that the stranger will have no difficulty in finding his The path we are now following beway to the object of his pilgrimage. the outer entrenchments, at a point on comes gradually steeper, until we reach the southern side, about half way between the two entrances. The ance of these entrenchments, where appearsented in the accompanying sketch. we first come upon them, is repre The outer entrenchments of Old Outer Entrenchments of Old Sarum. Sarum cut in the chalk hill, are of vast dimensions, inclosing an area of fourteen hundred yards in circumference. They form a circle slightly elongated from east to west. The vallum, which is on the left hand side of our sketch, rises to the formidable height of a hundred and six feet, and originally presented a smooth face of chalk, so steep that its ascent must have been nearly impossible. The raised bank, on the outside of the foss, is also of considerable elevation, and altogether these defences must have presented a very formidable obstacle to any assailants. They are very well preserved through the whole circuit. If we follow their course till we reach the western extremity of the area, we find there an entrance by a mound forming a bridge across the foss, ascending to the interior by a cut through the vallum, and approached outside by two paths running north and south under the entrenchments. This was the postern or secondary entrance to the town, and appears to have formed a sort of covered way, protected in medieval times by a tower or turret. From hence, pursuing our course along the northern side of the entrenchments, we come to the eastern or principal entrance, a view of which as it appears to us from the approach on this side is given in our cut from a sketch by Mr. Fairholt. The massive character of the earthworks at this point is extremely striking, and the view is one of considerable beauty. In the foreground the bold outlines of the ancient fortifications, with a group of trees near at hand on the right, which serve as a screen to the little Old Castle Inn, celebrated in late municipal history as the residence of the single voter in the truly rotten borough of old Sarum, and behind it the only hill of any elevation in the immediate vicinity; beneath us the valley of the Avon, and before us, at a distance of about a mile, the city of Salisbury, surrounded by an amphitheatre of distant hills. The grand entrance to Old Sarum is an opening of tolerable breadth, cut through the entrenchments, crossing the foss by a low bank, and rising very gradually into the interior. Outside the foss it separates into two roads, running, as on the eastern side, north and south, but much more boldly formed. At the angle where the two roads separate, is a strong outwork, immediately facing the entrance, and surrounded outwardly by a deep ditch. On proceeding through the grand entrance, we are introduced to an area of not far short of thirty acres, around which the great earthen vallum rises to a comparatively slight elevation. The interior of this area is occupied by another equally extraordinary fortification, which formed the citadel of the ancient town. It is surrounded by a foss and earthen vallum exactly resembling in construction those of the outer circuit, but only a little above three hundred yards in circumference. The vallum is a hundred feet high, and on the top may be traced all round the fragments of a very strong wall, which once surmounted it, and formed the outer wall of the medieval castle. Within this elevated area, strongly marked inequalities in the ground probably cover the foundations of the ancient buildings of the castle, and the site of the well, which must have been of great depth, is distinctly visible. The entrance to the castle is exactly opposite the eastern entrance to the town, and is marked by the massive remains of the masonry of the gateway at the summit of the vallum; it appears to have been approached by a flight of steps, and by a mound across the foss at the bottom. The area of the castle stands at a very great elevation above the valley, and commands a most extensive view in every direction. The sides and top of the vallum of the citadel are now overgrown with trees and brushwood. The outer area of Old Sarum, in which was situated the early town, has been long under cultivation, and when I visited it with some friends in the summer of the present year, a great part of it was covered with corn. It presents, however, everywhere great unevenness of surface, which, combined with the inequality of the growth of the corn in different parts, would lead us at once to conclude that excavations at no great depth would bring to light traces of the ancient buildings, and lead to many interesting discoveries. Although the earlier history of this extraordinary place is very obscure, yet we are enabled to trace its general outline by a certain number of allu |