weighing on an average 32 lbs. These clayed Sugars were not superior to the Muscovade, and were sold with them at about the same prices; but the loss of sweets in the passage to England was not so considerable, and the five pots yielded in Bristol 1 cwt. The sweets wash, which gave 43 gallons of Ruin at the saved by this process, charged 500 gallons of British market. SUGAR refined and clayed. Cwt.qrs. lbs. per head. Suppose 2,000,000 of the people of G. Britain not to consume meat, and deduct 1,000,000 for London, and that the remaining 6,000,000 consume half as much as London, or one-quarter of a pound per day, the amount will be 547,500,000lbs. and London included, it will be 711,000,000lbs.; now 1oz. of sugar per diem to 80lbs. of meat for six months, feeding the number of animals at that weight will be 8,893,750, and the sugar consumed 68,713 hhds. at 13 cwt. per hhd. exclusive of cows for milk, pigs, poultry, &c. Milch cows, kept by the milk-men in London, consume 12 stone of food, or rather better per day; 5 st. 6 lb. of grains, and 6 stone of turnips, and 12 lb of hay, is about the allowance of one of their large cows. 1 oz. per day, at 4d. per pound, is only d., and 11 3 17 at £1. 73. 2d. cwt. double that expence d. per day, would cer tainly be no object, in feeding an animal of such weight, which would amount to 140,000 hhds. Some farmers of Oxfordshire cultivate flax for no other purpose but to fatten their oxen with linseed. Expenses of Premiums. When the Board of Agriculture offered premiums for ascertaining the effect of breaking up grass lands and laying them down again, there were three large premiums, a great number of pieces of plate given, and many gold medals; the expence of the whole was about £1,000, including advertisements.-The public gave £800, the board supplied the rest; but for such an inquiry as this, which does not consist in composing essays, but in actually making experiments, a larger sum might be necessary; it might demand £2,000. Experiments made in Jamaica to refine Sugar. The year 1787 was an unfavourable year for the quality of the Sugars, which were full of molasses, owing to the storm in November, 1786, which had lodged in the canes, and thereby prevented their getting ripe. The hhds. averaged 16 cwt. in Jamaica; the weight in England to the buyers averaged 11 cwt. 3 qrs. 171b. Deducting the tare, 16 cwt., is 1,676 lbs. or 14 cwt. 3 qrs. 24 lb. per hhd. therefore the loss in the passage was 3 cwt. 7 lbs. Sugar sold in Bristol at £2. 78., charges, including freight, insurance, commission, &c. amounted to 19s. 10d. per cwt. and therefore netted £1. 78. 2d. per cwl. A hhd. of Muscovado, sufficiently cured and refined by means of Dr. Fordyce's pickled blood, gave a small tierce of Sugar, which having been pounded, was entered at Bristol and passed as Muscovado, paid the same charges, and weighed to the buyers 6 cwt. 2 qrs. 7 lb. It sold at £3, 4s. and, deducting the charges 19s. 10d. netted £2. 4s. 2d. per cwt."The molasses from the drips were boiled a second time, and yielded five pots of clayed Sugar, 6 1 27 at £2 4s. 2d. per cwt. 1 O clayed, £1 7s. 2d. cwt. 43 gallons Rum, 2s. 6d. MUSCOVADO SUGAR. £15 0 9 1 13 115 5 7 8 £22 2 5 16 3 9 Profit 5 18 5 However, from this profit is to be deducted of a white refiner. the expence of utensils, coals, &c. and hire sugars Planters in Jamaica would probably not find it their interest to refine than what is called lump sugar. further The refined. sugars pounded as superfine clayed sugars, Mr. Henderson, a principal sugar-baker there, sent to the Bristol markets, were bought by who desired to have the preference of such sugars, if any more came to that market. It could not be refined in Jamaica cheap enough to enter into any competition with the sugar-bakers here. This process would bring the raw material to the sugar-baker, in a manner more advantageous to him than as common Muscovado sugar: inasmuch as the British sugar-bakers to them in lumps pounded; and continue to would buy for their own use what was sent make for exportation lumps from the worst of the brown sugars that come to market: as such lumps would command a bounty. maica in general does not make that kind of All kinds of sugar cannot be clayed: Jasugar that would be fit to be clayed with advantage. There is no other market in Jamaica for Rum but the American market, and whatever cannot be sold to the Americans must be shipped home to England, whatever the price may be. Rum was a very disadvantageous article of remittance to the British market in 1805 and 1800. And the first remittances in 1807. At the end of 1807 Rum came to a better market. Experiments to unfit Sugar for common Use. cribing his experiments, observes: Suganis Mr. Parkes, the chemist, in a paper dessaid to contain more nutriment in the same how to allow its use duty free for the purpose bulk than any other known substance; but of feeding cattle, and at the same time guard 1 3 against any encroachment on the revenue new arising from it, may be attended with considerable difficulties. The chief difficulty, in my estimation, arises from the soluble nature of sugar; for if sugar be mixed with ground corn, barley-meal, or other farinaceous matter, which it might be in the presence of an Excise officer, there would be danger of its afterwards being washed out by means of water, the water evaporated, and the Sugar brought again into the market. One pound of water is capable of dissolving one pound of Sugar. Lime-water renders Sugar still more soluble, and deprives it of a part of its sweetness. Lime, in small quantities, has the property of rendering Sugar incapable of fermentation. Sugar is found by analysis to be a triple compound, consisting of 28 parts, by weight, of carbon, 8 parts of hydrogen, and 64 parts of Having mixed 112 grains of good brown Sugar with 10 grains of a very strong solution of caustic potash, the Sugar lost its sweetness entirely, and the whole acquired a disagreeable urinous taste. One cwt. of Sugar would require about 4 lbs. of American potash to reduce it to this state, the expence of which would be about 2s. 9d. or 3s. On the mixture of potash and Sugar I poured 3 grains of sulphuric acid, diluted with a little water. This restored the Sugar to its usual flavour, the sulphuric acid having formed a salt by its union with the alkali. The expence of thus recovering the saccharine taste of the sugar would be only 1s. per cwt. Sugar has the property of rendering oil miscible with water any cheap refuse oil, therefore, that the cattle would eat, might be mixed with it; and this property would give facility to the mixture. I mixed intimately 4 grains of palm oil with 112 grains of Sugar. The mixture acquired a full taste of the oil, so as to render it unfit for household purposes; but the flavor is so grateful, that it is very probable cattle would eat it with greediness. Four pounds of palm oil, which on an average would cost 2s. 6d, would be sufficient to prepare 1 cwt. of Sugar. A single drop of oil of hartshorn was carefully mixed with 224 grains of raw Sugar (a proportion of half a pound of oil to 1 cwt. of Sugar) and was found more than sufficient to spoil it, both in taste and smell for common use. If cattle would eat Sugar mixed with this article, nothing could be cheaper, for one pennyworth would be enough for 1 cwt. of sugar. It is well known that at first all cattle refuse oil cake, and afterwards eat it with great relish. Cattle eat rancid fish oil with avidity; such oil, and especially the dregs of oil, usually called oil foot, which comes very cheap, might be put into the hogsheads of Sugar at the West India Docks in the presence of an officer, and, if once poured on Sugar, no common expence would ever be able to separate it. Linseed oil being more fluid, might be poured into the hogsheads at the cane holes. This would so spread itself throughout the whole hogshead that I am persuaded the sugar could never afterwards be used for any domestic purpose. Moreover, it is well known that sugar, when mixed with oil, is incapable of the vinous fermentation; this would be an additional security against a fraudulent use of it. Having moistened 112 grains of sugar with water, 2 drops of a solution of sulphate of iron and 2 drops of tincture of galls were mixed with the mass; by exposure to the air this Sugar became quite black, and tasted of iron very strongly. It would cost 1s. per cwt. to blacken Sugar in this way. 112 grains of sugar were mixed with 10 grains by weight of oil of vitriol, previously diluted with a little water. This rendered the mixture so sour, that it would be impossible to use such Sugar for common purposes. The oil of vitriol also blackens it considerably. It would cost 3s. or 3s. 6d. per cwt. to treat sugar in this way. I mixed 112 grains of Sugar with 10 grains of common alum. Here the Sugar lost a great portion of its sweetness, and acquired a disagreeable astringent taste. One cwt. of Sugar would require 10lbs. of allum which would cost 2s. 3d. econo 112 grains of Sugar were mixed with 20 grains of common salt: This proportion of salt destroys the sweetness of the Sugar, and renders it unfit for human consumption. If government would allow the farmer waste salt free from duty, of which a sufficient quantity may be had at the salt works, called the " pickings of the pans," at 5s. or 10s. per ton, it appears to me, that this would be the most suitable, convenient, and mical article that could be used to prevent the Sugar from being again brought into common consumption. Cattle and horses are fond of it; it is known to agree well with them; and there is no cheap way by which the Sugar could be separated from it. Cattle are so fond of salt, that they will even devour large quantities of marle if mixed with it. In America it is a common practice to sprinkle salt in layers upon hay when making it into hay-ticks, and it is found to assist in pre serving the hay, and to render the cattle healthy. The salt contained in sea-water might be used with advantage. 30 lbs. of sea-water contain on an average 1 lb. of common salt; and would take up near 30 lbs. of Sugar. Urine, I am inclined to think, all things considered, might be the best to mix with Sugar, to prevent its getting again into common consumption. The beneficial effect of urine upon horses is so well known, that it has becoine a common practice with grooms, whenever they want a horse to have a remarkably fine coat, to mix urine in the manger with his corn. a material part of the diet of the inhabi tants. Sugar has this advantage over most kinds of aliment, that it is not liable to have its nutritious qualities affected by time or weather; hence it is preferred by the Indians in their excursions from home. They mix maple Sugar with an equal quantity of ground Indian corn, and pack the mixture in little baskets, which frequently get wet in travelling, without ever injuring the Sugar. A few spoonfuls of this mixture, in half a pint of water, afford them a pleasant and strengthening meal. Another way of using sugar for cattle has occurred to me; that is, to mix it with various kinds of damaged meal, such meal as would be totally unfit for human consumption. A large quantity of the different kinds of damaged meal is annually baked in London into what is called dog-bread, for kennels, &c. The bakers of that would easily come into the way of baking this also. Horses at sea will eat ship-biscuit; this is well known to mariners. Should there be any difficulty in getting cattle to eat this new kind of sweet bread, it might at first be ground for them. Chaff is an article much used by feeders of cattle; Sugar stained with oil might be mixed with chaff, as another preventitive. Besides, as chaff is naturally astringent, the quantity of chaff that can now be given to cattle is limited. By mixing such Sugar with it, more might be used, and more Sugar also - might be given to cattle than they could otherwise bear Such a mixture would be much cheaper than feeding in the usual way with oil cake, on account' of the fattening property of Sugar, and the small value of chaff. The largest shew-ox supposed to have been ever fed in England, I am told, is now feeding by lord Talbot in Staffordshire, and that a part of his food is treacle. Horses, oxen, and sheep, prefer the sweetest vegeta-posed. bles, and thrive best with such food. Hence the Swedish turnip, now so generally cultivated, is preferred to the old sorts, the Swedish containing one-fourth more Sugar. Nutritious Properties of Sugar. There are many testimonies on record to the nutritious properties of Sugar. Mons. Lennes, first surgeon to the late duke of Orleans, relates the following circumstance: A vessel," said he, laden with Sugar, bound from the West Indies, was becalmed for several days on her passage, during which, the stock of provisions was exhausted. Some of the crew were dying with the scurvy, and the rest were threatened with death by famine. In this emergency recourse was had to the Sugar. The consequence was, the symptoms of the scurvy went off, the crew found it a wholesome and substantial aliment, and returned in good health to France." It is related, that Sugar given alone, was found to fatten horses and cattle, during the war before last in St. Domingo, for a period of several months, in which the exportation of sugar and the importation of grain were prevented by the want of ships. According to Dr. Rush, Sugar has the most favourable effect on the animal economy; and that eminent physician, Sir John Pringle, remarked, that the plague has never been known in any country, where Sugar composes Duties. The present duty on Muscovado sugar is £1.7s. per cwt; al 3s. per cwt. but this has been suspended ever since it was im On refined sugar imported the duty is £8. 8s. per cwt. On clayed sugar the duty is £1. 11s. 6d. the cwt. Refinery. From the climate and habits of the inhabitants of this country, there is a consumption for the inferior sweets, called bastard sugar and molasses, which enables the refiner to purchase sugar in the Muscovado state. The colonies of France, Spain, and Portugal, are obliged to clay their sugar, because there is no refinery in the mother country calculated to receive them. This is believed to be contrary to their interest; for, during the period we had the island of Martinique, many of the planters discontinued the claying of their sugars, and sent them in the raw state. There exist refineries in the island of Jamaica at present for the consumption of Jamaica, but, it is believed they do not export any." The workmen in the refinery employed in London are chiefly Germans. The art of refining sugar is practiced in Great Britain with as much ability and skill as in any part of the world. It has been greatly improved of late by means connected with the extent and perinanency of the establishment. The capital embarked in this establishment has been materially encouraged by knowing that sugar, the produce of the British colonies could not be imported in any state of refinement higher thair that of clayed sugar. If a sugar-house begins upon raw sugar, they first boil the finest raw sugar, which is made into fine loaves; after that, the next process is upon an inferior sugar, the syrups of the former being boiled with it, which produces also loaves of a lower quality; the pans are then charged with a sugar of a still lower quality than either of the former, to which some part of the former syrups is added, and from this lamps are produced which are coarse and of a large size. The syrup of the lumps is boiled into a sugar which is called bastard sugar, which is ground in mills to a powder; the syrup of the bastard sugar is molasses, in which the process ends. If a sugar-house begins with lumps, the pans are charged with that species of sugar, from the boiling of which are produced double loaves, which are called double-refined sugar. The pans are next charged with fine raw sugar as before, from which are produced fine loaves; and the process goes then on in a similar way as before mentioned for the process cannot be carried on, with any degree of advantage, if the different sorts of goods are not made. This evidence possesses peculiar interest as having touched on an idea, altogether new, we believe, in respect to the British islands. It is not, however, unknown in those belonging to France; and we are led to suppose that the experience of the French colonies might be consulted with advantage on the part of the English. What is reported of Martinique, we have seen in this evidence: the conduct of St. Domingo might, no doubt, have easily been described, had its former state been inquired into. On consulting Edwards's History of St. Domingo, we find, that he reports 431 plantations of clayed sugar; and 362 plantations of Moscovato: so that the number of clays exceeded by about 70: or one sixth part of the whole. The quantity of clayed sugar exported was 58,642,214 lbs: that of the Moscovado was 86,549,829; the weight of the former, and consequently the proportion of its freight being less than that of the latter by about 28,000,000 lbs: but its value being 41,049,549 livres exceeds by about 6,400,000 livres, that of the Moscovado, which is stated at 34,619,931 livres. It does not appear what proportion of the rum furnished by In many instances they boil their lumps this colony was drawn from clayed sugars; for the purpose of double loaves, on a par-bat Mr. Edwards speaks in general terms ticular principle of their own. It sometimes of greater pronts being obtained by the might be to a refiner's advantage to buy, and planters of St. Domingo than by those of sometimes to melt his own; it depends on the particular situation of the markets. In general the refiners prefer using their own lumps, provided they have sufficient strength. One cwt. of Muscovado sugar in lumps, ordinarily produces 50 per cent. The loss of weight by drainage in the passage of sugars from the West Indies, differs; where the sugars are properly cured or made dry, the hogsheads are found quite full, and little or no appearance of having lost much weight. The drainage on particular sugars, not properly cured previous to their being shipped, is so great that immense quantities of syrup and molasses are pumped out of the ship. This circumstance is one of the great sources of mischief and loss to the planters. If more care were taken in curing their sugars, previous to their being shipped, the saving might go greatly towards that profit which the planter would consider ás an adequate recompence for his capital. The quantity of clayed sugar imported has of late years decreased, apparently because it has not been profitable to the planter; the quantity of Muscovado has increased. A few years ago there were 140 Sugar Refineries in England. Private distillation would be ma'eria ly checked if Mo'asses should become very scarce. Jamaica. There are two evils to be avoided on this subject: the first is, that of remov- language. Hence, his work is not merely when, by the vicissitudes of caprice, and interesting to his contemporaries, but, the changes attendant on rolling years, the usages and observances of many parts of the northern districts of our island shall have become obsolete, with the terms that related to them, the inquisitive will consult this work, and find preserved in its pages what they may seek in vain among the traditionaries of their day. These volumes have engrossed the labour of years: we believe, the author is under the mark when he says twenty years. Dr. J. has exercised great patience and perseverance, he has exerted all his powers of research, and has availed himself of every favourable opportunity, and assistance. The result is highly honourable to his skill, to his discrimination, and to his general learning. That a work so extensive should be faultless, will be ex the limited powers of human nature and certainly, not by any who have experienced the difficulty of tracing a word or a phrase to its proper and satisfactory ori gin. We congratulate the Dr. on the completion of his task; and are happy to think that his labours have not been left to the unequal judgment of a successor, who never could have followed him with equal zeal and discernment. An Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language; illustrating the Words in their different Significations, by Examples from Ancient and Modern Writers; shewing their Affinity to those of other Langrages, and especially the Northern; explaining many Terms, which, though now obsolete in England, were formerly common to both Countries: and elucidating National Rites, Customs, and Institutions, in their Analogy to those of other Nations: to which is prefixed a Dissertation on the Origin of the Scottish Language. By John Jamieson, D. D. Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and of the Society of the Antiquaries of Scotland. 4to. Two Volumes, Price £4. 4s. Edinburgh, Creech. London, Longman and Co. Printed at the University Press, Edinburgh. 1808. SATIRE has affected to consider "Dic-pected by none who are acquainted with tionary makers" as merely the lacquies of Learning, and has ordered them to be clad in livery, as followers of literati rather than as literati themselves. There was too much truth in the sarcasm, as dictionaries were formerly composed, when they presented a mere list of words; and all that the reader-no, the consulter, for reader they had none,-could find to admire, was, the labour, the patience, and not seldom, the dullness of the learn- That Dr. J's, countrymen will acknowed linguist. Happily, a desire to convey ledge themselves obliged to him, we some knowledge of things as well as of have no doubt, and speaking on the bewords, has lightened the "darkness visi-half of his southern compatriots, we frankble," that lessened the usefulness of such ly avow our participation in the same. compilations, and has rendered them to a feeling. certain degree repertories of customs and manners, of facts and fashions, as expressed by relevant terms, as well as of the terms themselves, which formerly were little better than barren. What could be more tedious than some of those laborious performances, the Hebrew Lexicons?Parkhurst, by inserting a variety of information on matters to which the words referred, has not only explained the words themselves to greater advantage than writers who preceded him, but has opened a source of amusement to the student of the language, to which he is at least as much indebted for his popularity as to his being the principal work of the kind extant in English. Dr. Jamieson has introduced a greater quantity of illustrative information than any lexicographer that we recollect in our That there was some necessity, too, for explanations of Scottish terms, since the intercourse between the countries has been so free and incessant as of late, may beiuferred, from a recollection of the different senses in which words are taken on the south and the north of the Tweed. When a Cockney recently arrived at Edinburgh observes the town-guard, armed with their formidable Lochabar axes, of indescribable brightness and uncouth form, parading in their official array, and hears them called the town rattes," he instantly supposes them to be the rats of Edinburgh in a sense not altogether foreign from that in which he has heard a certain description of the power of his native city described as "tame llons." Whereas the word rattes in Scottish imports propeily "a line, a file of soldiers." Our |