produce immediate agreeable sensation, but ultimately disease and misery; that a lamb is innocent, a tiger ferocious, a viper venomous; that men are beings under the influence of various passions, as anger, fear, hope, &c., and although resembling in some things, in many things differing from each other,-how different are Newton and Bacon from an idiot! how different the benevolent Howard from the heartless Jefferies! that women share in many of the passions of men, but have a character essentially their own; they are affectionate, variable, fond of ornament. Such is the nature of the knowledge of things. How things are called, as the meaning of the words sugar, acid, friendship, gratitude, marriage, &c., constitutes the second branch of knowledge, or knowledge of words. Of gratitude, the philosopher does not say, with the politician in his sport, that it is a lively sense of future favours; but that it is a deep sense of past kindness, with an anxiety and readiness at any and at all times to return it.

"The bridegroom may forget his bride
Was made his wedded wife yestreen;
The monarch may forget his crown
That on his head an hour has been;

The mother may forget her child

That smiles sae sweetly on her knee,
But I'll remember thee, Glencairn,

And all that thou hast done for me."

There is nothing new in this doctrine. It is as old as the Mosaic system. We read in the beginning of the Old Testament, that-"The Lord brought every fowl of the air and every beast of the field unto Adam,

to see what he would call them : And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowls of the air, and to every beast of the field."

So Milton, in his most interesting and valuable tract on Education, says, " And though a linguist should pride himself to have all the tongues that Babel cleft the world into, yet, if he have not studied the solid things in them as well as the words and lexicons, he were nothing so much to be esteemed a learned man as any yeoman or tradesman competently wise in his mother-dialect only."

NOTE (B).

Connexion between Knowledge and Happiness. The connexion between happiness and knowledge is fully and beautifully explained in the first part of Bacon's "Advancement of Learning." The following is an analysis of his doctrine of the advantages of knowledge:

1. Learning diminishes afflictions from nature.
2. Learning diminishes evils from man to man.
3. There is a union between learning and military
virtue.

4. Learning improves private virtues:

1. It takes away the barbarism of men's minds. II. It takes away levity, temerity, and insolency. III. It takes away vain admiration.

IV. It takes away or mitigates fear.

v. It disposes the constitution of the mind not to be fixed or settled in its defects, but to be susceptible of growth and reformation.

5. It is power.

6. It advances fortune.

7. It is our greatest source of delight.
8. It insures immortality.

To this work I must content myself to refer, with the assurance that it will amply repay any student who may appropriate an hour or two to the examination. I now speak merely of the advantages of knowledge. As a specimen of this valuable Tract, to which I earnestly recommend my reader, I annex a few extracts:

KNOWLEDGE AVOIDS THE MISERY ΤΟ WHICH

IGNORANCE IS EXPOSED.

Knowledge mitigates the fear of death and adverse fortune; for, if a man be deeply imbued with the contemplation of mortality and the corruptible nature of all things, he will easily concur with Epictetus, who went forth one day and saw a woman weeping for her pitcher of earth that was broken; and went forth the next day, and saw a woman weeping for her son that was dead; and thereupon said, "Heri vidi fragilem frangi; hodie vidi mortalem mori." And therefore Virgil did excellently and profoundly couple the knowledge of causes and the conquest of all fears as concomitant:

"Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas,

Quique metus omnes et inexorabile fatum

Subjecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari.'

Near to the Hartz mountains in Germany, a gigantic figure has from time immemorial occasionally appeared in the heavens. It is indistinct, but always

resembles the form of a human being. Its appearance has ever been a certain indication of approaching misfortune. It is called the Spectre of the Brocken. It has been seen by many travellers. In 1796 the Abbé Haüy visited this country. He says: "After having ascended the mountain for thirty times, I at last saw the spectre. It was just at sun-rise in the middle of the month of May, about four o'clock in the morning. I saw distinctly a human figure of a monstrous size. The atmosphere was quite serene towards the east. In the south-west a high wind carried before it some light vapours, which were scarcely condensed into clouds, and hung round the mountains upon which the figure stood. I bowed. The colossal figure repeated it. I paid my respects a second time, which was returned with the same civility. I then called the landlord of the inn; and having taken the same position which I had before occupied, we looked towards the mountain, when we clearly saw two such colossal figures, which, after having repeated our compliment by bending their bodies, vanished.When the rising sun throws his rays over the Brocken upon the body of a man standing opposite to fleecy clouds, let him fix his eye steadfastly upon them, and in all probability he will see his own shadow extending the length of five or six hundred feet, at the distance of about two miles from him."

KNOWLEDGE REJECTS FALSE AND SELECTS TRUE

PLEASURES.

Wisdom doth balance in her scales those true and false pleasures which do equally invite the senses;

and rejecting all such as have no solid value or lasting refreshment, doth select and take to her bosom those delights that, proving immortal, do seem to smell and taste of that paradise from which they sprung,-like the wise husbandman, who, taking the rough grain which carries in its heart the bread to sustain life, doth trample under foot the gay and idle flowers which many times destroy it.

The logical part of men's minds is often good, but the mathematical part nothing worth; that is, they can judge well of the mode of attaining any end, but cannot estimate the value of the end itself.

"Give e'en a fool the employment he desires,
And he soon finds the talents it requires."

KNOWLEDGE HUMANIZES THE POSSESSOR.

Upon the capture of prisoners in the European settlements in America, they are tortured by every pain which the mind of man, ingenious in cruelty, can invent; and the women, transformed into something worse than furies, exceed the men in these scenes of horror.

Ignorant of all things, a young boy will in very wantonness destroy nests, which have been patiently built, with a watchful eye and a weary wing, and a cheated appetite and a fond instinct, till all should be warm and ready for the expected brood; and that very brood, so carefully lodged and so tenderly watched, he shall dash to the ground without pity, for he is without knowledge.

It is an assured truth which is contained in these

verses: