trast to Richardson's hero, represented him as a model of virtue and excellence. The accounts of Joseph's bravery and good qualities, his voice too musical to halloo to the dogs, his bravery in riding races for the gentlemen of the county, and his constancy in refusing bribes and temptation, have something refreshing in their naiveté and freshness, and prepossess one in favor of that handsome young hero." Thackeray. An-drom's-che. [Gr. 'Avdpouúxn.] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Eëtion, and the fond wife of Hector, by whom she had Astyanax. She is one of the noblest and loveliest female characters in Homer's "Iliad." An-drom'e-da. [Gr. ̓Ανδρομέδη.] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, and of Cassiopeia. Her mother having boasted that her beauty surpassed that of the Nereids, Andromeda was exposed to a sea-monster, but was found, saved, and married by Perseus. An-gel'i-ca. An infidel princess of exquisite beauty and consummate coquetry, in Bojardo's "Orlando Innamorato." She is represented to have come all the way from farthest Asia to sow dissension among the Christians in Paris, who were besieged by two hosts of infidels, one from Spain, and another, which had landed in the south of France, from Africa. Among many others, Orlando falls desperately in love with her, forgetting, for her sake, his wife, his sovereign, his country, his glory, in short, every thing except his religion. She, however, cares nothing for him, having fallen madly in love with Rinaldo, in consequence of drinking at an enchanted fountain. On the other hand, Rinaldo, from drinking at a neighboring fountain of exactly the opposite quality, cannot abide her. Various adventures arise out of these circumstances; and the fountains are again drunk, with a mutual reversal of their effects. Ariosto, in his "Orlando Furioso," took up the thread of Angelica's as story where Bojardo had left it, and making the jilt fall in love herself with Medoro, an obscure youthful squire, he represents Orlando driven mad by jealousy and indignation. Angelica is celebrated for the possession of a magic ring, which, placed on the finger, defended the wearer from all spells, and, concealed in the mouth, rendered the person invisible. See AGRICANE. "Angelica, noted in romance as the faithless lady for whose sake Orlando lost his heart and his senses, was a gra tuitous invention of Bojardo and Ariosto; for Spanish ballads and earlier Italian poets make him the faithful husband of Alda or Belinda." Yonge. The fairest of her sex, Angelica, Angelic Doctor. [Lat. Doctor Angelicus.] Thomas Aquinas (12271274), the most famous of the mediæval schoolmen and divines. Aquinas was extravagantly admired by his followers. One of his commentators endeavors to prove that he wrote with a special infusion of the Spirit of God; that he received many things by direct revelation, and that Christ had given anticipatory testimony to his writings. Peter Labbé says, that, as he learned some things from the angels, so he taught the angels some things; that he had said what St. Paul was not permitted to utter; and that he speaks of God as if he had seen him, and of Christ as if he had been his voice. We extol Bacon, and sneer at Aquinas. But, if the situations had been changed, Bacon might have been the Angelic Doctor. Macaulay. Angélique (on/zha lêk', 62). 1. The heroine of Molière's comedy, "Le Malade Imaginaire." 2. The wife of George Dandin, in Molière's comedy of this name. See DANDIN, GEORGE. An'ge-lo. 1. The deputy of Vincentio, in Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure." At first he exercises his delegated power with rigor and seeming conscientiousness, but only to enable him the more safely to gratify his base passion for Isabella, the sister of a young nobleman named Claudio. His design, however, is thwarted, and his hypocrisy un 66 2. A goldsmith in Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors." Angel of the Schools. A title given to Thomas Aquinas, the most celebrated metaphysician of the Middle Ages. See ANGELIC DOCTOR. Angurvardel (ång/goor-vår'del). [Icel. a stream of anguish.] The sword of Frithiof. The blade was inscribed with runic letters, which shone dimly in peace, but gleamed with a wondrous ruddy light in time of war. See FRITHIOF. [Written also Angurwadel.] Gloriously known was the sword, the first of all swords in the Northland. Bp. Tegnér, Trans. Anne, Sister. See SISTER ANNE. An-te'us. [Gr. 'Avraios.] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) A son of Neptune and Terra, a famous Libyan giant and wrestler, whose strength was invincible so long as he remained in contact with his mother earth. Hercules discovered the source of his might, lifted him up from the eartn, and crushed him in the air. As when Earth's son Antaus (to compare Small things with greatest) in Irassa strove With Jove's Alcides, and, oft foiled, still rose, Receiving from his mother earth new strength Fresh from his fall, and fiercer grapple joined; Throttled at length in air, expired and fell: So, after many a foil, the tempter proud, Renewing fresh assaults amidst his pride, Fell whence he stood to see his victor fall. Milton. Ant'e-ros. [Gr. 'Avrέpwc.] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) A deity opposed to Eros, or Love, and fighting against him; usually, however, regarded as a god who avenged slighted love. He is sometimes represented as the symbol of reciprocal affection. An'ti-christ. Literally, the opponent of the anointed, or of the Messiah. The name of Antichrist was given by the Jews and Christians to the great enemy of true religion, who shall, according to the Holy Scriptures, appear before the coming of the Messiah in his glory. The name occurs in the Bible in the following places only:-1 John ii. 18, 22; iv. 3; 2 John 7. The "man of sin," whose coming is foretold by St. Paul, 2 Thess. ii., is supposed to be the same with Antichrist. Emblematic descriptions of him occur in the 12th and 13th chapters of the Revelation. Theological writers have indulged in many and the most diverse and fancitul speculations respecting this great adversary of Christianity; but the prevalent opinion among Protestant divines has always connected him with the Roman Catholic church. At the Council of Gap, in 1603, the reformed ministers there assembled inserted an article in their Confession of Faith, in which the Pope is pronounced Antichrist. Grotius and most Roman Catholic divines consider Antichrist as symbolical of Pagan Rome and her persecutions; Leclerc, Lightfoot, and others, of the Jewish Sanhedrim, or of particular Jewish impostors. Many are of opinion that the kingdom of Antichrist comprehends all who are opposed to Christ, openly or secretly. An-tig'o-ne. [Gr. 'Avriуóvn.] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) A daughter of Edipus by his mother Jocasta. She was famous for her filial piety. An-tin'o-us. [Gr. 'Avrívoos.] A page of the Emperor Hadrian, celebrated for his extraordinary beauty, and for Hadrian's extravagant affection for him. After his death by drowning in the Nile, about A. D. 122,- he was enrolled among the gods, temples were erected to him in Egypt and Greece, and statues set up in almost every part of the world. An-ti'o-pe. [Gr. 'AvτIÓTη.] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) A favorite of Jupiter, by whom she became the mother of Amphion and Zethus. See LYCUS. An-tiph'o-lus of Eph'e-sus. Twin An-tiph'o-lus of Syr'a-cuse. brothers, sons to Egeon and Emilia, in Shakespeare's "Comedy of Errors," and "the one so like the other As could not be distinguished but by names.' 2 Their attendants were Dromio of Ephesus and Dromio of Syracuse, also twins, and both alike in their personal appearance. An-to'ni-o. 1. The usurping Duke of Milan, and brother to Prospero, in Shakespeare's "Tempest." See PROSPERO. 2. The father of Proteus, in Shakespeare's "Two Gentlemen of Vero na." 3. A minor character in Shakespeare's" Much Ado about Nothing." 4. The "Merchant of Venice," in 'Shakespeare's play of that name. See PORTIA. 5. A sea-captain, friend to Sebastian, in Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night." A-nu'bis. [Gr. "Avovßis.] (Egypt. Myth.) A divinity, a son of Osiris, worshiped in the form of a dog, or of a human being with a dog's head. He accompanied the ghosts of the dead to the under-world. Ap'e-man'tus. A churlish philosopher, in Shakespeare's play, "Timon of Athens." Their affected melancholy showed like the cynicism of Apemantus contrasted with the real misanthropy of Timon. Sir W. Scott. Aph'ro-di'te. [Gr. 'Aopodiτn.] (Gr. Myth.) The Greek name of Venus, the goddess of love, beauty, and desire. See VENUS. Ā'pis. [Gr. 'AАπг.] (Egypt. Myth.) The chief deity of the Egyptians, worshiped under the form of a bull. He is sometimes identified with Osiris and Serapis. A-pollo. [Gr. 'Añó22wv.] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) The son of Jupiter and Latona, and the brother of Diana, portrayed with flowing hair as being ever young. He was the god of song, music, prophecy, and archery, the punisher and destroyer of the wicked and overbearing, the protector of flocks and cattle, the averter of evil, the afforder of help, and the god who delighted in the foundation of towns and the establishment of civil constitutions. By the later Greeks he was identified with the sun. His favorite residence was at Mount Parnas Apostle of Ardennes (ar'den', 64). A title given to St. Hubert (d. 727), Bishop of Maestrecht and Liege, and son of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine. He was so called from his zeal in destroying remnants of idolatry. Apostle of Germany. A title given to St. Boniface (680-755), who, for more than thirty years of his life, labored in the work of converting and civilizing the rude heathen nations of Germany. Apostle of Infidelity. A name sometimes given to Voltaire (16941778), a bigoted and intolerant deist, who avowed a design of destroying the Christian religion, and was unceasing in his attacks upon it and upon its defenders. Apostle of Ireland. St. Patrick, born near the end of the fourth century, died in 483 or 493. He was moved by visions, as he relates in his confessions, to undertake the conversion of the Irish to Christianity. He established many churches and schools, and made many converts. Apostle of Temperance. An honorary appellation given to the Rev. Theobald Mathew (1790-1856), a distinguished temperance reformer in Ireland and England. "However, as Protestants, we may question the claim of departed saints, here is a living minister, if he may be judged from one work, who deserves to be canonized, and whose name should be placed in the calendar not far below the apostles." Dr. Channing, 1841. Apostle of the English. St. Augustine, or Austin, who lived during the latter part of the sixth century. He was sent with forty monks, by Pope Gregory I., to carry Christianity into England. Such was his success that he is said to have baptized 10,000 persons in a single day. He has the merit of having allowed no coercive measures in the propagation of the gospel. Apostle of the French. A name given to St. Denis, the first bishop of Paris, in the third century. He was sent from Rome, about A. D. 250, to revive the drooping churches in Gaul, and proceeded as far as Lutetia (Paris), where he made many converts. He became the patron saint of the kingdom, and his name served, for many ages, as a rallying cry in battle, Montjoie St. Denis! Apostle of the Frisians. An appellation commonly given to Saint Wilbrord, or Willibrod (657-738), a native of the Saxon kingdom of Northumbria, who spent forty-eight years of his life in Friesland in preaching Christianity, and endeavoring to convert the people from paganism to the true faith. Apostle of the Gauls. St. Irenæus, presbyter, and afterward bishop, of Lyons, near the close of the second century. "The immortal Apostle of the Gauls, who, in his earliest youth, had sat at the feet of Polycarp, at Smyrna, started from the school of Asia Minor. It was during a great crisis that Providence brought this gem of Asia into the West. Irenæus possessed the apostolical patience, as well as the fiery zeal, of Polycarp. He learned Celtic, in order to preach the gospel to the barbarians in their own language, and rejoiced in beholding the progress of the good work in which he was engaged in the parts of Germany bordering on Gaul." Bunsen. Apostle of the Gentiles. A title assumed by St. Paul, who, in conjunction with Barnabas, was divinely appointed to the work of preaching the gospel to all mankind, without distinction of race or nation. His labors lasted through many years, and reached over a vast extent of country. See Acts xiii., Rom. xi. 13, and 2 Tim. i. 11. Apostle of the Highlanders. A name given to St. Columba (521-597), one of the earliest teachers of Christianity in Scotland. He established himself in the island of Iona, and is believed to have been the founder of the Culdees, who had their head-quarters there. Apostle of the Indians. An appellation given to the Rev. John Eliot (1603-1690), a celebrated missionary among the Indians in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, many of whom he converted to Christianity. "The Apostle, and truly I know not who, since Peter and Paul, better deserves that name." E. Everett. Apostle of the North. 1. A title bestowed upon Anschar, Anscharius, or Ansgar (801-864), because he introduced Christianity into Denmark, Sweden, and Northern Germany. At the instigation of the Emperor, Louis le Débonnaire, he went to Denmark, and, after many disappointments and persecutions, converted the king and the greater part of the nation. The Catholic church has placed him among the saints. "He [Anschar] was the Columbus and the Cortés of that unknown world whither he penetrated with other weapon than his dauntless faith and the name of Rome." no Michelet. Trans. 2. A title conferred upon Bernard Gilpin (1517-1583), an English reformer, and the first who undertook to preach the Protestant doctrines to the inhabitants of the Scottish Border land. Apostle of the Peak. A title given to William Bagshaw (1628–1702), a non-conforming divine, distinguished for his zeal and usefulness in the cause of religion in the northern parts of Derbyshire, England. Apostle of the Picts. A name given to St. Ninian, a British bishop of the latter half of the fourth and the beginning of the fifth centuries, on account of his labors for the conversion of the Teutonic inhabitants of Cumbria. Apostle of the Scottish Reformation. A title given to John Knox (1505-1572), the most active agent in the overthrow of the Roman Catholic religion, and the establishment of the Reformed kirk, in Scotland. Apostle of the Slaves. A title given to St. Cyril (ninth century), who converted to Christianity the Chasars, dwelling by the Caspian Sea, labored in the same cause among the heathens of Bulgaria, Moravia, and Bohemia, and, with the assistance of some of his pupils and his brother, made a translation of the Holy Scriptures, which is still used by all Greek-Catholic Christians. Apostle to the Indies. A title often given to St. Francis Xavier, a distinguished Roman Catholic missionary of the sixteenth century, who spent more than ten years in laborious efforts to introduce Christianity into the East. Apostolic King. A title given by the Holy See to the kings of Hungary, on account of the extensive propagation of Christianity by Stephen I., the founder of the royal line. Ap/po-li'no. [The same as Apollo, the sun.] An imaginary deity, supposed by the people of Western Europe, during the Middle Ages, to be worshiped by the Mohammedans. See TERMAGANT. Aq'ui-lo. (Rom. Myth.) A personification of the north wind; the same as Boreas. See BOREAS. Arabian Tailor. See LEARNED TAILOR. Ar'a-by. A poetical form of Arabia. Farewell, farewell to thee, Araby's daugh- A-rach'ne. [Gr. 'Apáxvn.] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) A Lydian maiden, so proud of her skill as a weaver that she challenged Minerva to compete with her. She was successful in the contest, but, being insulted by the goddess, hung herself in despair, and was changed into a spider. Shall we tremble before cloth-webs and cobwebs, whether woven in Arkwright looms, or by the silent Arachnes that weave unrestingly in our imagination? Carlyle. Ar'ca-dy. A poetical form of Arcadia, a pastoral district of the Peloponnesus (Morea) in Greece. Archer. Servant to Aimwell, in Far- By his mighty science he could take Him followed his companion, dark and sage, Whatever momentary benefit may result from satire, it is clear that its influence, in the long run, is injurious to literature. The satirist, like a malignant Archimago, creates a false medium, through which posterity is obliged to look at his contemporaries, a medium which so refracts and distorts their images, that it is almost out of the question to see them correctly. Atlantic Monthly. Ar'cite. A character in the "Knight's Tale," in Chaucer's " Canterbury Tales." See PALAMON. Ar'den, Enoch. The hero of Tennyson's poem of the same name, a seaman who is wrecked on an uninhabited and rarely visited tropical island, where he spends many years, and who returns home at last only to find that his wife, believing him to be dead, has married again, and is prosperous and happy. In a spirit of heroic self-sacrifice, he determines not to undeceive her, and soon dies of a broken heart. Ardennes, Wild Boar of. See WILD BOAR OF ARDENNES. A'reş. [Gr. "Apns.] (Gr. Myth.) The god of war; the same as Mars. See MARS. Ar/e-thu'sa. [Gr. 'Apédovoa.] (Gr. & Rom. Myth.) One of the Nereids, and an attendant upon Diana. She presided over a famous fountain of |