I. NOUNS.

Advocatus for causidicus, patronus: x. I, III (where see note):

For examples

cp. iii. 8, 51; xi. 1, 59: Plin. S. 7, 22: Suet. Claud. 15. of the use of this word in its earlier sense cp. v. 6, 6; xi. 3, 132; xii. 3, 2. Ambitio carries with it in Quintilian, as generally in the Silver Age, a sinister meaning, so that Quintilian can call it a vitium: i. 2, 22 licet ipsa vitium sit ambitio frequenter tamen causa virtutum est. So perversa ambitio x. 7, 21: cp. Tac. Ann. vi. 46: Iuv. 8, 135. For the Ciceronian use of the word (popularis gratiae captatio ad adipiscendos honores), see pro Sulla § 11: pro Planc. § 45: de Orat. i. § 1.

Auctor, almost identical with scriptor: see on x. 1, 24. Cp. Ep. ad Tryph. § legendis auctoribus qui sunt innumerabiles.

Cultus ornatus: X. 1, 124; 2, 17. Cp. iii. 8, 58 in verbis cultum adfectaverunt: xi. 1, 58 nitor et cultus. Cicero uses ornatus and nitor as applied to language: Orat. § 80 ornatus verborum, § 13 4 orationis. Cp. Tac. Dial. 20, 23.

Opinio is used for reputation' (existimatio), whether good or bad. So x. 5, 18 (where see note): 7, 17: cp. xii. 1, 12 contemptu opinionis: ii. 12, 5 adfert et ista res opinionem: ix. 2, 74 veritus opinionem iactantiae : iv. 1, 33 opinione adrogantiae laborare: Tac. Dial. 10 ne opinio quidem et fama ... aeque poetas quam oratores sequitur: Sen. Ep. 79, 16. In Cicero it is found only with a genitive (ad Att. 7, 2 opinio integritatis: cp. Liv. xlv. 38, 6: Caes. B. G. vii. 59, 5: Tac. Dial. 15), or with an adjective (Verr. ii. 3, 24 falsam... malam opinionem).

Opus frequently means 'branch,' 'department' in Quintilian: x. 1, 9 (where see note). It is often identical with 'genus': e. g. x. I, 123 where they are used together, quo in genere-in hoc opere. Cp. iii. 7, 28 quamquam tres status omnes cadere in hoc opus (laudativum genus) possint.

Valetudo, always in the sense of 'bad health' in Quintilian and contemporary writers. If 'good health' is meant, an adjective is used: e. g. x. 3, 26 bona valetudo: vi. 3, 77 commodior valetudo. With Cicero it may mean either: de Fin. v. § 84 bonum valetudo, miser morbus: de Am. § 8 quod in collegio nostro non adfuisses, valetudinem respondeo causam: ad Fam. iv. 1, 1: in Tusc. iv. § 80 he has mala valetudo. With Quintilian's usage cp. Tac. Hist. iii. 2; Ann. vi. 50: Suet. Claud. 26: Plin. S.

2, 20.

Venus for venustas, x. 1, 79 (where see note); ib. § 100. This use of the word is poetical: Hor. A. P. 320; Car. iv. 13, 17. For venuslas, lepor occurs in Cicero with the same meaning, see de Orat. i. § 243: Or. § 96. Other points in connection with the use of substantives are referred to

in the notes e. g. the periphrastic construction with vis or ratio and the gerund (see on vim dicendi, x. 1, 1): the concrete use of certain nouns in the plural (see on historias § 75: cp. lectiones § 45): the concrete use of abstract nouns (e.g. facilitatem 3 § 7: profectus 5 § 14: cp. silvarum amoenitas for silvae amoenae 3 § 24). The frequent occurrence of verbal nouns in -for must also be noted: in Quint. they have come to be used almost like adjectives or participles (hortator x. 3, 23: offensator ib. § 20), and may, like adjectives, be compared by the aid of an adverb (nimium amator 1 § 88, where see note)'.

II. ADJECTIVES.

Beatus (abundans, fecundus): x. 1, 61 beatissima rerum verborumque copia, where see note: cp. v. 14, 31 beatissimi amnes. Cicero does not use beatus of things: cp. de Rep. ii. 19. 34 abundantissimus amnis.

Densus (like pressus in Cicero): §§ 68, 73 (with notes), densus et brevis et semper instans sibi Thucydides: cp. Cic. de Orat. ii. § 59 Thucydides ita verbis aptus et pressus. So x. 1, 76, 106.

Exactus: x. 2, 14 exactissimo iudicio: 7 § 30 exacti commentarii. Exactus bears the same relation to exigere as perfectus does to perficere, with which exigere is, in Quintilian, synonymous: e.g. i. 5, 2; 9, 2. So Hor. Ep. ii. 1, 72: Suet. Tib. 18: Plin. Ep. 8, 23; also M. Seneca, and Val. Max. For exactus Cicero used diligenter elaboratus (Brut. § 312) or accuratus (ad Att. xiii. 45, 3): or perfectus (de Orat. i. §§ 34, 35).

Expositus tritus, communis: x. 5, 11 voluptatem expositis dare: Iuv. 7, 54 vatem—qui nihil expositum soleat deducere, hoc qui communi feriat carmen triviale moneta: Sen. E. 55. Cicero has (de Orat. i. 31, 137) omnium communia et contrita praecepta.

Incompositus: x. 1, 66 rudis in plerisque et incompositus (Aeschylus): cp. iv. 5, 10; ix. 4, 32: Verg. Georg. i. 350 motus iucompositos: Hor. Sat. i. 10, 1: Tac. Dial. 26: Sen. Ep. 40, 4: Liv. xxiii. 27; v. 28. Otiosus inutilis, inanis. See on x. 1, 76 tam nihil otiosum : cp. 2 § 17. So Tac. Dial. 40: Plin. S. 10, 62. In Cicero we have vacuus, otio abundans, Brut. § 3: N. D. iii. § 39.

1 Marty (op. cit. p. 47) has an interesting note, in which, referring to the Zeitschrift f. Gymnasialwesen, xiv. pp. 427-29, he says it has been found that there are in Cicero 290 (296) substantives in -tor and 44 (46) in -trix. Of these 73 in -tor and 4 in -trix are also in Quintilian, who has, on the other hand, 28 in -tor and 8 in -trix which do not occur in Cicero. These are-adfectator, admirator, ad

sertor, agnitor, altercator, auxiliator, constitutor, consultor, contemptor, cunclator, delator, derisor, exactor, formator, iactator, insectator, latrator, legum lator, luctator, plosor, professor(?), raptor, repertor, rixator, signator, stuprator, ventilator, versificator, cavillatrix, disputatrix, elocutrix, enuntiatrix, exercitatrix, hortatrix, iudicatrix, (litteratrix), sermocinatrix,

Praecipuus, used by itself, see on x. 1, 94.

Summus, in sense of extremus: x. 1, 21, where see note. The usage is poetical: cp. Plaut. Pers. 33; Asin. 534: Verg. Aen. ii. 324 venit summa dies: Hor. Ep. i. 1, 1: Ovid ex Pont. iv. 9, 59, Am. iii. 9, 27: Iuv. i. 5. Schmalz (Ueber den Sprachgebrauch des Asinius PollioMünchen, 1890, p. 36) contends that this use is not Ciceronian, for while Pollio writes summo ludorum die (ad Fam. x. 32, 3) and Caelius summis Circensibus ludis (ad Fam. viii. 12, 3—Manutius: extremis diebus Circensium ludorum meorum), Cicero himself says (ad Fam. vii. 1, 3) extremus elephantorum dies fuit.

Supinus=ignavus (as uñrios, p. xliii. above): x. 2, 17 otiosi et supini: cp. ix. 4, 137 tarda et supina compositio: Iuv. i. 66: Mart. vi. 42 Non attendis et aure supina Iamdudum negligenter audis. This word may have been used first by Quintilian in this sense in Cicero it is used of the body, e. g. de Div. i. 53, 120.

Noticeable also, and characteristic of his time, is Quintilian's use of plerique and plurimi, the former having often the force of nonnulli, plures, multi (x. 1 §§ 26, 31, 34, 37, 66, 106: 2 § 13: 3 § 16), the latter losing its force as a superlative, and standing generally for permulli (x. 1 §§ 12, 22, 27, 40, 49. 58, 60, 65, 81, 95, 107, 109, 117, 128: 2 §§ 6, 14, 24: 6 § 1: 7 § 17).

1

Nothing is more common in Quintilian than the use of adjectives (and participles) in the place of nouns. In some cases this arises from the actual omission of a noun, which can readily be supplied to define the meaning of the adjective: for example x. 5, 20 decretoriis (sc. armis) exerceatur: 1 § 100 legatis (sc. fabulis) excellit Afranius: 1 § 88 lascivus quidem in herois (sc. versibus) quoque Ovidius. But in most cases there is no perceptible ellipse; the general idea intended is contained in the adjective itself. In the Masculine and Feminine only those adjectives can be used as nouns which express personal qualities, as of character, position, reputation, &c.: the Neuter denotes generally the properties of things, mostly abstractions. Following the arrangement of Dr. Hirt's paper, we may cite examples from the Tenth Book as follows:

The Neuter Adjective.

(1) The Neuter singular used by itself:Nom. 3 § 22 secretum in dictando perit.

This subject has been most exhaustively treated in a Programm by Dr. Paul Hirt, Ueber die Substantivierung des Adjectivums bei Quintilian' (Berlin,

4

1890), a monument of German thorough-
ness. See also Becher's Quaestiones
Grammaticae (Nordhausen, 1879), pp. 6

sqq.

i

Acc.

3§30 faciat sibi cogitatio secretum.

Gen. 3 § 27 optimum secreti genus: § 30 amator secreti.

Partitive

genitives: 6 § 1 aliquid vacui: dependent on adj. 1 § 79 honesti studiosus. Dat. occurs in other books: e. g. i. pr. 4 proximum vero: vi. 3, 21

contrarium serio.

Abl. 7§ 16 cum stilus secreto gaudeat.

Frequent instances occur in prepositional phrases, with accusative and ablative: these are mostly local, and the great extension of the usage in post-Augustan times points to the influence of Greek analogy (¿§ iơov, ¿K TOû Pavepoù K.T.A.). Examples are: in altum 7 § 28 (=in profundum): e contrario 1 § 19: in deposito 3 § 33: in expedito 7 § 24: (vertere) in Latinum 5 2 (containing the idea of locality: cp. ex Graeco): ex inlegro 1 § 20 (where see note): in posterum 3 § 14: in publicum 7 § 1: in universum 1 § 42: in peius 2 § 16: ex proximo 1 § 13: a summo 3 § 2: ad ultimum 7 § 7; ib. 16: ex ultimo ib. 10.

Sometimes the adjective, in addition to being used substantivally, governs like a noun, the genitive depending on it being always partitive : e. g. multum 1 §§ 80, 94, 115: plus 1 §§ 77, 86, 97, 99, 106: plurimum 1 §§ 60, 65, 81, 117, 128; 3 § 1; 5 §§ 3, 10; 6 § 1; 7 § 17: minus 2 § 12: quantum 5 § 8. And with a pronoun: 7 § 24 promptum hoc et in expedito positum.

(2) The Neuter Plural.

Instances need not be cited where adjectives are used substantivally in cases which can be recognised as neuter: e. g. 3 § 6 scriptorum proxima. Quintilian gave a wide extension to the usage even where the case could not be recognised. It can be detected most easily, of course, when the adjective is used alongside of nouns, e. g. 5 § 8 sua brevitati gratia, sua copiae, alia translatis virtus, alia propriis; or when another adjective or pronoun is used in the nom. or acc., e. g. 1 § 35: 3 § 32 novorum interpositione priora confundant: 5 § 11. Other instances (of 2nd and 3rd decl.) are 7 § 30 subitis ex tempore occurrant: 5 § 1 ex latinis: 7 § 6 ex diversis: 1 § 66 in plerisque: 5 § 11 varietatem similibus dare. So with comparatives and superlatives: 1 § 63 maioribus aptior: 1 § 58 cum optimis satiati sumus, varietas tamen nobis ex vilioribus grata sit: 5 § 6 cerle proximis locus.

The Masculine Adjective.

(1) The Masculine Plural.

In the following places masculine adjectives are found together, in the plural, or else along with nouns: 1 §§ 71, 124, 130: 2 § 17: 3 § 16: 5 $ 1.

Single instances are (Genitive) veterum 1 §§ 97, 118: magnorum 1 § 25: (Dative) imperitis 7 § 15: antiquis 2 § 17: studiosis 1 § 45 (where see note: Cicero would have had dicendi, or eloquentiae studiosis): bonis 2 § 3: (Accusative) veteres 1 § 42: posteros 1 §§ 112, 120: 2 § 6: obvios 3 § 29: intentos 3 § 33: (Ablative) ex nostris 1 § 114: ab antiquis 1 § 126: de novis 140. With the comparative 5 § 19 apud maiores: 5 § 7 priores: superlative I § 58 confessione plurimorum. In 1 § 123 we have one of the few instances of the addition of another adjective to an adjective doing duty for a noun-paucissimos adhuc eloquentes litterae Romanae

tulerunt.

(2) The Masculine Singular.

When the adjective can denote a class collectively, it may be used as a noun this is quite frequent in Quintilian, as in most writers, especially when the adjective stands near a substantive, e. g. perorare in adulterum, aleatorem, petulantem ii. 4, 22.

The following are cases of the isolated use of the masculine singular : (Genitive) x. 2, 26 prudentis est: (Accusative) 2 § 3 similem raro natura praestat: 3§ 19 quasi conscium infirmitatis nostrae timentes.

The Participle used as a Noun.

(1) The Neuter Singular.

Participles follow the analogy of the adjective. In addition to those which have actually become nouns (e. g. responsum, praeceptum, promissum, &c.), Quintilian uses several participles as nouns in a manner that is again an extension of classical usage. So even with a pronoun, or another adjective: e. g. 2 § 2 ad propositum praescriptum : § 11 ad alienum propositum: 5 § 72 decretum quoddam atque praeceptum: 7 § 24 promptum hoc et in expedito positum.

(2) The Neuter Plural.

Instances of the usual kind are too numerous to mention: the participle in -us, -a, -um is found frequently in abl., gen., and dat. Not so common is the plural of the 3rd decl.: 1 § 86 eminentibus vincimur : 3 § 5 nec protinus offerentibus se gaudeamus, adhibeatur iudicium inventis, dispositio probatis.

(3) The Perfect Participle.

In regard to the masculine plural Quintilian here follows the Ciceronian usage, according to which the participle is employed when a definite class of individuals is indicated, and a qui clause when the description is more unrestricted. Instances of the participle are 1 § 131 robustis et