For sordida cp. Sen. Ep. Ico (of Fabianus) nihil invenies sordidum. . . verba... splendida... quamvis sumantur e medio. Quint. ii. 5, 10: viii. 2, 1.

proprie: v. on § 6 propria. Cp. 5 * 4 verba poetica libertate audaciora non praesumunt eadem proprie dicendi facultatem: viii. 2, a non mediocriter errare quidam solent qui omnia quae sunt in usu, etiam si causae necessitas postulet, reformidant.

§ 10. non ... modo, sed... etiam: see on § 6. Herbst notes that Quint. usually separates these words by others, as here: cp. § 55 non forum modo, verum ipsam etiam urbem: 2 § 23 non causarum modo inter ipsas condicio, sed in singulis etiam causis partium. On the other hand we have 3 § 15 non exercitatio modo... sed etiam ratio: 719 non in prosa modo, sed etiam in carmine.

formas. The forma of a word, in the widest sense, must mean its shape as determined by the syllables and letters of which it consists: cp. viii. 3, 16, where he notes the importance of this in regard to sound. But the reference here is more particularly to the grammatical forms of infection, i. e. accidence, τὰς πτώσεις τῶν ὀνομάτων καὶ τὰς ἐγκλίσεις τῶν ῥημάτων (Dion. Hal. Comp. Verbor. 25, p. 402 Schäfer). See i. 6, 15 sq. Mayor refers to the grammatical discussions in Cic. Orat. §§ 152-161. Quint. i. 4 esp. §§ 2229:5-7.

mensuras: the 'quantities' of single syllables, i. e. prosody. Cic. Or. § 159: $ 162-236: Quint. i. 1o 'de musice.' Latin concrete plurals often correspond to our abstract names of sciences, e. g. numeri 'arithmetic,' tempora 'chronology.' Nägelsbach 12 § 2, p. 71.

ut ubicumque. For ut (L) most MSS. (GHS) give a. Krüger records a conj. by Rowecki, who proposes to read utque, so as to make both at sciamus and ut conveniant depend upon adsequi. But this seems unnecessary.

auditione. Then, as now, auditio would be specially valuable in regard to prosody (mensurae). The next clause gives the reason for putting it alongside of lectio, and also serves to introduce the reference which follows.

propter quod (= d'ő), often in Quint. where Cicero would have used quam ob rem. Cp. § 66: 5 § 23: 7 § 6: propter quae (=di' a) § 61: 3 § 30: ii. 13, 14: xii. 1, 39. At § 28 and 3 § 6 we have praeter id quod for praeterquam quod.

infantes... caruerunt. In spite of the vagueness of regum and a mutis nutricibus, the reference is obviously to the story told by Herodotus (ii. 2), which Quint. may only have remembered indistinctly. Psammetichus, king of Egypt, wishing to discover if there were any people older than the Egyptians, gave two infants into the charge of a shepherd, who was to keep them out of reach of all human sounds and bring them up on the milk of goats. After two years they greeted the shepherd with the cry Bekós, which on inquiry turned out to be the Phrygian for bread. On the strength of this experiment the sapient king allowed that the Phrygians were more ancient than the Egyptians. Claudian, in Eutrop. ii. 252-4 nec rex Aegyptius ultra Restitit, humani postquam puer uberis expers In Phrygiam primum laxavit murmura vocem. A similar story is told of James IV of Scotland, with the difference that in his case Hebrew instead of Phrygian resulted from the experiment.-By mutis nutr. Quint. probably means the goats of Psammetichus; mutus having its proper sense, uttering inarticulate sounds': so mutae pecudes Lucr. v. 1059: animalia muta Iuv. viii. 56: mutum ac turpe pecus Hor. Sat. i. 3. 100.

verba emisisse: Lucr. v. 1c87-8 ergo si varii sensus animalia cogunt Muta tamen cum sint, varias emittere voces, &c.

caruerunt is obviously the right reading, not caruerint (Hild), which would

introduce too great an element of uncertainty into the narrative : caruerunt propter(ea) quod sermonem auribus non acceperunt. Even though Quint. may have been sceptical about the story its 'moral' agreed entirely with his own conclusions.-Note etiamsi.. traduntur, etiamsi... sint § 11 below.

§ 11. alia, sc. verba. See Crit. Notes. vocibus: 'sounds,'-words in regard to their sound and form, while verba are words in regard to their meaning. The distinction is given Cic. Or. § 162 rerum verborumque iudicium prudentiae est,

vocum autem et numerorum aures sunt iudices: de Or. iii. § 196 itaque non solum verbis arte positis moventur omnes, verum etiam numeris ac vocibus (of musical sounds). Hor. Sat. i. 3, 103 donec verba quibus voces sensusque notarent, Nominaque invenere-where verba are the articulate words by which men gave form and meaning to the primitive inarticulate sounds (voces).

significationis, for the more usual ad significationem, 'in point of meaning': vii. 2, 20 nihil interest actionum: ix. 4, 44 plurimum refert compositionis. So Plin. Ep. ix. 13 25 verane haec adfirmare non ausim: interest tamen exempli ut vera videantur. Cicero has in ad Fam. iv. 10, 5 multum interesse rei familiaris tuae te quam primum venire: and interesse reipublicae occurs (as a sort of personal genitive) in Cicero, Caesar, and Livy. But with such a word as that in the text Cicero would have used ad c. acc.: ad Fam. v. 12, I equidem ad nostram laudem non multum video interesse, sed ad properationem meam quiddam interest non te exspectare dum ad locum venias. quo, sc. verbo.

ensis is the poetic word for gladius, though in Quint.'s time the difference between prose usage and poetical in regard to such words had begun to disappear. Mayor (following Gesner) notes that 'ensis' occurs over sixty times in Vergil, 'gladius' only five times.

Tроmк@s, by a 'turn' or change of application. On metaphor see viii. 2, 6 sq.: Cic. de Orat. iii. § 155: Or. §§ 81, 82 sq. The meaning is that while some words are naturally synonymous, others become

synonyms (ad eundem intellectum feruntur) when used figuratively, though in their literal sense they have each a distinct application (propria rerum aliquarum sint nomina). In the one case there are several words with the same meaning: in the other the original meaning is different (e. g. ferrum, mucro), but the words come to be used synonymously.-For the position of quasi, after Tponkws, cp. Sall. Iug. 483: and see Crit. Notes.

ad eundem intellectum, viii. 3, 39: feruntur 3 § 6 lit. 'pass into the same meaning.'

ferrum, mucro, viii. 6, 20 (of synecdoche) nam prosa ut mucronem' pro gladio et 'tectum' pro domo recipiet, ita non 'puppem' pro navi nec abietem' pro tabellis, et rursus ut pro gladio ferrum' ita non pro equo' quadripedem.' -Mayor compares the use of iron' and 'steel' for 'sword' in Shakespeare.

12. Nam is again elliptical, as in § 9. It introduces here a proof of what has just been said in the shape of a reference to something still more striking: 'and we may go even further, for,' &c. It may be translated and indeed,' or 'nay more,' or 'likewise.' Cp. §§ 23, 83: and with quidem § 50. The ellipse may be supplied by the words 'neque id mirum': 'and no wonder, for.'

per abusionem: by the figure called 'catachresis,'-the use of a word of kindred signification for the proper word: Corn: ad Herenn. 10 § 45 abusio est quae verbo simili et propinquo pro certo et proprio abutitur. Cp. viii. 2, 5 abusio, quae Karάxpηois dicitur, necessaria: ib. 6 § 34 Kaτáxpηois, quam recte dicimus abusionem, quae non habentibus nomen suum accommodat, quod in proximo est, sic: equum divina Palladis arte Aedificant: iii. 3, 9: ix. 2, 35. Cic. de Orat. iii. 169 Or. § 94. Quint. states the difference between abusio and translatio viii. 635 discernendumque est ab hoc totum translationis genus, quod abusio est ubi nomen deficit, translatio ubi aliud fuit: i. e. abusio is used when a thing has not a name, and the name of something similar is given to it, translatio when one name is used instead of another. Mayor cites Serv. Georg. iii

533 donaria proprie loca sunt in quibus dona reponuntur deorum, abusive templa. Cp. Quint. viii. 6, 35 poetae solent abusive etiam in his rebus quibus nomina sua sunt vicinis potius uti.

sicarios. The sica among the Romans specially denoted the assassin's poniard: Cic. de Off. iii. § 36: de Nat. Deor. iii.

74: pro Rosc. Amer. § 103. Hor. Sat. i. 4, 4.

quocumque. Even before Quint.'s time quicumque had acquired the force of an indefinite pronoun (quivis or quilibet): Cic. Cat. 2, 5 quae sanare poterunt, quacumque ratione (potero) sanabo. Cp. § 105, 72: i. 10, 35: ii. 21, I: and frequently in Tacitus, Suetonius, and Juvenal (e. g. x. 359). Mayor cites among other passages from Martial viii. 48, 5 non quicumque capit saturatas murice vestes.

circuitu verborum plurium, i.e. periphrasis. viii. 6, 59 pluribus autem verbis cum id quod uno aut paucioribus certe dici potest explicatur repippari vocant, circuitum quendam eloquendi : ib. § 61 cum in vitium incidit repoσodoyía dicitur. Cp. xii. 10, 16: 41: viii. pr. § 34: 2 § 17.

ostendimus = declaramus, significamus, as § 14.

et pressi copia lactis: Verg. Ecl. 1, 81. plurima, 'very many,' not 'most': a common usage in Quint. Cp. §§ 22, 27, 40, 49, 58, 60, 65, 81, 95, 107, 109,, 117, 128: 2 §§ 6, 14, 24 : 6 § 1: 7 § 17.

mutatione figuramus. For this use of figurare (oxqμaríŝeiv) cp. ix. 1, 9 tam ením translatis verbis quam propriis figu. ratur oratio: here however plurima is a cognate accus.,-lit. 'we very often use a figure in substituting one form of expres sion for another.' The verb is found in this sense also in Seneca and Pliny. See Crit. Notes-Figurae is Quint.'s favourite word for rendering σχήματα. He uses it in more than a hundred places (i. 8, 16 schemata utraque, id est figuras, quaeque Adfeas quaeque &arolas vocantur): and it is to this use of the word by him and

by the later rhetoricians that we owe the modern term 'figure.' Cicero has no fixed equivalent for σχήματα : he uses formae, conformationes, lumina, gestus, figurae,-often with the Greek word added; e. g. Brut. § 69 sententiarum orationisque formis quae vocant σχήματα: cp. Or. § 83, and de Öpt. Gen. § 14 (where figuris is accompanied by tanquam). Quint. defines figura ix. I, 4 as 'conformatio quaedam orationis remota a communi et primum se offerente ratione': ib.

14 arte aliqua novata forma dicendi. The idea of a divergence from what is usual and ordinary is always prominent in his treatment of figurae: ii. 13, II mutant enim aliquid a recto atque hanc prae se virtutem ferunt quod a consuetudine vulgari recesserunt: ix. I, II in sensu vel sermone aliqua a vulgari et simplici specie cum ratione mutatio.-That this idea is not involved in the original meaning of axhuara, but was extended to them from the rpowo (a name which indicates changes or turns of expression'), is shown by Causeret pp. 176–180.

13. ex proximo mutuari: i. e. borrow a word that is cognate in meaning, instead of using such negative inversions as the preceding.-Intellego, sentio, video, scio, are cognate words,-'next door (in proximo) to each other.-For the substantival use (in Cicero and Livy) of neuter adjectives in acc. and abl., with prepositions, in expressions denoting place and the like, see Nägelsbach § 21 pp. 102-109. Exx. are ex integro (§ 20), in aperto, ex propinquo, in immensum, de alieno, ad extremum, in praecipiti, in praesenti, in melius, e contrario (§ 19).

idem valent=ταὐτό οι ἴσον δύναται, as often in Cicero and elsewhere in Quintilian.

ubertatem ac divitias: hendiadys, 'a rich store.' For the use of two synonymous nouns in Latin instead of a noun and an adjective, see Nägelsbach, § 73 pp. 280-281. Exx. are Cic. de Or. i. § 300 absolutionem perfectionemque (=summa