Recasting Persian Poetry: Scenarios of Poetic Modernity in Iran

activity appears attempt Bahar beauty become begins beloved bird called century chapter classical classical Persian communication complex compositions concept condition constitutes contemporary context continued conventional criticism culture described desire discourse early effect elements entities essay esthetic European example existing expression fact Ferdowsi final ghazal gives heart hope human idea important individual initial innovations interpretation Iran Iranian issue kind language literary literature meaning moral nature night Nima Nima Yushij Nima's notion observations opening opposition original particularly past perception period Persian poetry poem poem's poet's poetic poetic change poets political position practice present produced prose published qasida readers reading reference relations relevant rhetoric rhyme rise seen sense significant signs social society specific spider structures texts thought tion tradition translation turn various vision writings