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A
HISTORY
OF THE
INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT
OF
EUROPE.
BY
JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, M.D., LL.D.,
PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK; AUTHOR OF A TREATISE ON HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY,' ETC., ETC.
IN TWO VOLUMES.—Vol. II.
REVISED EDITION.
LONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.
1875.
3-11-39
A 400 161
C B
53
D765
030 978996
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST. THE THREE ATTACKS: NORTHERN
OR MORAL; WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL; EASTERN OR MILITARY.
THE NORTHERN OR MORAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM, AND ITS TEMPORARY
REPULSE.
Geographical Boundaries of Italian Christianity.—Attacks upon it.
The Northern or moral Attack.-The Emperor of Germany insists on a
reformation in the Papacy.-Gerbert, the representative of these Ideas,
is made Pope.—They are both poisoned by the Italians.
Commencement of the intellectual Rejection of the Italian System.—It
originates in the Arabian doctrine of the supremacy of Reason over
Authority. The question of Transubstantiation.—Rise and develop-
ment of Scholasticism.-Mutiny among the Monks.
Gregory VII. spontaneously accepts and enforces a Reform in the Church.
-Overcomes the Emperor of Germany.-Is on the point of establishing
a European Theocracy.-The Popes seize the military and monetary
Resources of Europe through the Crusades. Page 1
CHAPTER II.
THE AGE OF FAITH IN THE WEST- -(Continued).
THE WESTERN OR INTELLECTUAL ATTACK ON THE ITALIAN SYSTEM.
The intellectual Condition of Christendom contrasted with that of
Arabian Spain.
Diffusion of Arabian intellectual Influences through France and Sicily.
-Example of Saracen Science in Alhazen, and of Philosophy in
Algazzali.-Innocent III. prepares to combat these Influences.—Results
to Western Europe of the Sack of Constantinople by the Catholics.