Lesson 27: The Adjective Tout.

Tous les hommes sont mortels.— All men are mortal.

The adjective tout, all, whole, every, always precedes the article when the latter is present. Of is not expressed after

After même (same), as is expressed by que:

J'ai lu les mêmes livres que vous, I have read the same books as you.

Another is expressed in two ways in French: by encore un (or une), an additional one; by un (une) autre, a different one. Encore une fois, once more; une autre fois, some other time.

Exercise.

1. Tous mes crayons sont perdus, et toutes mes plumes sont mauvaises. 2. Qui a apporté toutes ces fleurs? 3. Elle a lu les mêmes livres que nous. 4. J'ai trouvé mon encrier chez lui, mais je n'ai pas encore trouvé mon porte-plume. 5. Montrez-moi la fenêtre. 6. Voilà la fenêtre; elle est près de la porte. 7. Ont-ils reçu les autres lettres? 8. A-t-elle visité tout le jardin? 9. Elle a reçu une lettre tous les lundis. 10. Tout le monde est ici aujourd'hui. les hommes qui sont ici sont mes amis. 12. Donnez-moi les mêmes crayons.

11. Tous

1. I have been in all the rooms of that white house. 2. Her uncle and aunt have not been at church to-day. 3. She has visited the whole house. 4. All of their friends are dead. 5. Is the whole grammar useful?

6. We have not seen that man. 7. When did she write to her mother? 8. Did she write a letter every day or every week? 9. She wrote every Friday. 10. Everybody is here. 11. He has prepared all of his lessons at home. 12. John has left one of his books at home. 13. All of Mary's dresses are pretty; they are prettier than her sister's. 14. Where has he been? 15. Give me the same books, but the other pens. 16. Bring us another umbrella [two meanings].

Lesson 28: The First Conjugation.

La nuit porte conseil. The night brings counsel.

French verbs may be divided into four conjugations, distinguished from each other by the termination of the infinitive. The 1st ends in -er, the 2d in -ir, the 3d in -oir, the 4th in -re.

In English, the present participle ends in -ing; in French, it ends in ant. It is frequently used in English with the verb to be, but it is never so used in French. Instead of saying I am speaking, we must in French say I speak; instead of I was speaking, I spoke; instead of I shall be speaking, I shall speak.

parler, to speak. parlant, speaking.

I speak,

je parle,

I do speak,

I am speaking.

The First Conjugation.

In the first conjugation, which con

tains the great majority of French verbs, the infinitive ends in

-er and the past participle in -é.

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porter, to carry; portant, carrying; porté, carried.

sage, wise; (of a child) good, well-behaved.

Notice this meaning of trouver: Comment trouvez-vous mon chapeau ? How do you like my hat? or What do you think of my hat? Distinguish from aimer and penser.

1 In questions, when the 1st person singular ends in e mute, an acute accent is placed on it for the sake of the sound: donné-je, do I give? Any statement preceded by est-ce que (is it that?) becomes a question: Il a reçu une lettre, he has received a letter. Est-ce qu'il a reçu une lettre ? Has he received a letter? The latter construction should be used for the interrogative form of the 1st person singular, as forms like donné-je, parlé-je, etc., are found only in exalted style and in poetry.

2 See Lesson 3, (2).

The imperative of any regular verb is formed from the present indicative. In the 1st conjugation, -s of the second person singular is dropped.

1. Je cherche mes crayons; ils sont perdus.

2. Aimez

vous les fleurs blanches? 3. Est-ce que tout le monde aime les jardins? 4. Ne cachez pas les cahiers de mes élèves, mon ami. 5. Travaillez chez vous. 6. Ne parlez pas toujours. 7. Cette femme a été riche, mais elle travaille une heure dans son jardin tous les jours.

8. Je trouve que votre

9. Fermons les autres

frère est très sage; il travaille bien. fenêtres. 10. Nous ne fermons pas les portes. 11. Vous cachez toujours mes plumes; où sont-elles? 12. Demeurezvous près d'ici ? 13. Ne trouvez-vous pas ces enfants sages? 14. Ne pleure pas, mon petit ami. livre.

15. J'ai eu un autre

10. Who is talking?

1. Where do you live? 2. Where do we live? 3. Have you been near the school? 4. Are you looking for your pen or pencil? 5. Are you working? 6. Are all the pupils of the same class working? 7. Do you not consider these other sentences very easy? 8. Am I speaking of you or of her? 9. Are you speaking of him or of me? 11. Where did you leave your books? mine? 13. Does she leave hers at home? 14. Have you brought all of yours? 15. Does a boy wear or take off his hat in the house? 16. Do not1 cry, my child. 17. He is speaking of your friends and mine. 18. We close all the doors and windows every evening. 19. I do not close mine. 20. Close that window near the door and this one too.

12.

Who has hidden

1 Use second singular in addressing a child. See French sentence 14 of this lesson.

Oral Drill.

2. She is not visiting; 3. He has visited; he has not visited. she does not visit. 5. Does he visit?

1. He is visiting; he is visited. she is not visited. 4. She does visit; does he not visit?

6. We do visit; we do not visit. 7. We are visited; we are not visited. 8. They have had the same book. 9. Bring me another book [two meanings].

Lesson 29 Pronouns as Objects.

Echanger n'est pas voler.

·A fair exchange is no robbery.

Personal pronouns used as objects always precede the verb, except in an affirmative command.

Me, te, le, la, standing before a verb, become m', t', l' before a vowel or h mute.

M'a-t-il vu, has he seen me?

Me voici, here I am.

There they are.

Où sont-ils? Les voilà. Where are they?
Donnez-le à votre père, give it to your father.

But Ne le donnez pas à votre père, do not give it to your father. Notice that a pronoun, whether subject or object, placed after a verb, is connected with it by a hyphen.