mother may be pleased with you. 9. Although you have promised me a holiday, you have not given it to me. 10. I shall give you a beautiful book illustrated by Gustave Doré, provided you win the first prize in (de) French. 11. I shall not win that prize unless you help me a little. 12. She does not dare to come here, for fear you will scold her. 13. She stayed at home until we had gone. 14. He flatters us so that we may forgive him for what he has done. 15. If you get

here before twelve and if (que) I am not ready, wait for me until I have finished my work. 16. Before he buys a house, he must have another thousand dollars. 17. However rich one may be, one never has money enough.

The most common uses of the present subjunctive in subordinate clauses may be seen from the following summary :

Used after:

Impersonal verbs,

Negative verbs,

Interrogative verbs,

Verbs of emotion, etc.

Superlatives,

Certain relatives,

Certain conjunctions,

Exceptions.

Fact and probability.

No doubt in the mind of the speaker.

Espérer (affirmative).

Followed by a genitive.

No doubt or purpose implied.

Present Subjunctive of Irregular Verbs Already Used.

For rules for determining the present subjunctive of a verb, see

The present subjunctives of faire, savoir, craindre, and connaître are conjugated without change of stem: que je fasse, que je sache, que je craigne, que je connaisse. In envoyer and croire the same changes occur as in voir que j'envoie, que je croie.

Distinction between savoir and connaître.

Savoir means to know through the mind, to have learned, to know that something is so, to know how to. It never has a person for its object and may be followed by a conjunction or a verb.

Savez-vous votre leçon, do you know your lesson?

Combien de langues sait-il, how many languages does he know?

Je sais qu'elle est ici, I know that she is here.

Il sait lire et écrire, he knows how to read and write.

Connaître means to be acquainted with, to know by sight or by the other senses, to recognize. It may have a person or thing for its object, but can never be followed by a conjunction or a verb.

Nous connaissons de vue ce monsieur, we know that gentleman by sight. Connaissez-vous les œuvres de Lamartine, do you know Lamartine's works? Je connais le dictionnaire de Littré, I know Littré's dictionary.

Exercise.

1. Il n'est pas absolument nécessaire que j'y aille, mais il est préférable dans mon intérêt, et peut-être, aussi dans le vôtre, que je sois présent à la discussion. 2. Adieu, mon ami; je souhaite que vous soyez toujours heureux. 3. Merci; j'espère que vous le serez aussi. 4. On me dit que votre cousine, Yvonne, est la jeune fille la plus aimable qu'on ait jamais vue. 5. Qui que vous soyez, il n'est pas convenable que vous soyez impoli. 6. Bien que vous soyez devenu riche et que vous connaissiez bien du monde, il faut que vous ne soyez pas trop fier, si vous voulez que l'on vous aime. 7. Il importe qu'il sache ce que vous avez fait. 8. Il est temps que vous le lui disiez. 9. Je cherche un homme qui soit digne de grands honneurs. 10. Ne croyez-vous pas que je vous connaisse, Monsieur? 11. Doutez-vous qu'elle sache sa leçon ?

12. Il me semble qu'elle l'a bien préparée.

1. They do not believe that she knows it. 2. They do know that she knows us. 3. I want you to see my friends when you are in Paris next year; they will wish to see you, I 4. You must send them a note before you call, so

am sure.

that you will find them at home. 5. am afraid that they will not be there.

If you do not do it, I

6. Is it not probable

that they will have come back from the shore before the first of August?

7. Whatever you may say, I shall never believe

11. I doubt his

him to be guilty. 8. Don't you think I know him better than you do? 9. We wish no one to fear us, but we wish to be obeyed. 10. I hope you believe it. sending them any money before we see him. know that it is not certain you will succeed? best man I know.

12. Don't you

13. He is the

14. He is also the only man that I know

well. 15. You say that because you do not wish to appear proud of your friends. 16. If you wish to go for a walk

with us, you must be ready before ten.

Lesson 84: Use of the Tenses of the Subjunctive.

Plus fait douceur que violence.

- Persuasion is better than force.

After the present or future in the principal clause or, in conversation, after the conditional, the present of the subjunctive is used; after any other tense, the imperfect subjunctive.

When the subjunctive is in a compound tense, the tense of the auxiliary avoir or être depends on the tense of the verb in the principal clause.

Espérez-vous qu'il l'ait fait ?

Espériez-vous qu'il l'eût fait ?

1 In a formal, dignified style.

This sumptuous edifice was begun in 1861 and completed in 1874. In extent it is the largest theatre in the world, though it contains seats for only 2100 persons.