cause we were not strong enough. 10. What shall we do? 11. I have spoken to James about it; he will bring it this afternoon. 12. If it hadn't been for you, we should have lost it. 13. At what time shall you and I go home? 14. Your mother and sister will be here on Tuesday, the 16th, but your father will stay in Paris until the 20th. 15. You forget that you and your brother will have no prize this month, because you have not worked well enough. 16. Which of her friends is your mother visiting? 17. She is visiting an old lady who lives in the American quarter. 18. We shall go nowhere today, but to-morrow William and I shall go to the country.

Lesson 62: Personal Pronouns.

Dis-moi qui tu hantes je te dirai qui tu es.1 - A man is known by the company he keeps.

There are two classes of personal pronouns, disjunctive and conjunctive.

moi, I, me.

toi, thou, thee.

lui, he, him.

elle, she, her.

moi-même, myself.

toi-même, thyself.

lui-même, himself.

elle-même, herself.

Disjunctive Pronouns.

nous, we, us.

vous, you.

eux, they, them (m.).
elles, they, them (f.).
nous-mêmes, ourselves.
vous-mêmes, yourselves.
eux-mêmes, themselves (m.).
elles-mêmes, themselves (f.).

Also, vous-même, yourself.

A disjunctive pronoun is used:

(a) With a preposition : chez lui, at his house. (b) Alone: Qui va là ? Moi. Who goes there? (c) Predicate nominative: C'est lui, it is he. (Lesson 45.)

(d) For emphasis: Moi, je le ferai, I shall do it. mêmes, we shall do it ourselves. (See Lesson 64.)

Ce

(Lesson 26.)

I. (Lesson 45.) sont eux, it is they.

Nous le ferons nous

1 Literally, Tell me whom you associate with and I will tell you who you are.

(e) When separated from the verb by a word (other than ne or a conjunctive pronoun): Lui seul l'a fait, he alone has done it. Je n'aime que lui, I love no one but him. Nous sommes plus riches qu'eux, we are richer than they.

(f) To express the different persons of a compound subject or object: Lui et moi, nous le ferons, he and I will do it. On nous a invités, vous et moi, they have invited you and me. Je les ai vus, lui et elle, I saw him and her.

Conjunctive Pronouns.

A conjunctive pronoun is used as subject, direct object, or indirect object of a verb expressed. (If the verb is understood, a disjunctive pronoun must be used, as in (b), above.)

Se, himself, herself, itself, one's self, themselves, a reflexive pronoun, is either singular or plural, direct or indirect object, according to the construction of the sentence. To prevent confusion, examples of its use will not be given until Lesson 65 is reached. It must not be confused with the disjunctives, lui-même and eux-mêmes. For the form soi, see Lesson 96.

Rule. A personal pronoun used as the direct or indirect object of a verb always precedes the verb, except in the imperative affirmative.

Il me prête un dollar, he lends me a dollar.

Prêtez-moi1 encore un doliar, lend me another dollar.

Ne lui prêtez rien, don't lend him anything.

Répondez-vous à votre ami, do you answer your friend?

Je lui réponds toujours, I always answer him.

1 The disjunctives moi and toi are used for me and te in the imperative affirmative.

J'ai demandé un canif à un de mes élèves, I asked one of my pupils for a penknife.

Je lui ai demandé un canif, I asked him for a knife.

Exercise.

1. N'agissons jamais contre l'avis (advice) de nos parents. 2. Je ne lui aurais pas prêté ma montre. 3. Si nous arrivons avant eux, nous ne fermerons pas la porte à clef. 4. Elles n'agiront certainement pas contre leur intérêt. 5. Voici un porte-monnaie que j'ai acheté pour vous. 6. Si vous ne le trouvez pas beau, je le garderai pour moi-même ou je le donnerai à votre frère. 7. Je suis sûr qu'il l'admirera et qu'il l'acceptera avec grand plaisir. 8. C'est pour moi-même que je travaille. 9. Qui avez-vous vu aujourd'hui ? 10. Lui. 11. Selon eux, nous ne réussirons pas. 12. Je lui ai donné plusieurs journaux français. 13. Les a-t-elle envoyés à son amie? 14. Il leur a demandé de l'argent, mais ils ne lui ont rien donné. 15. Quant à elle, je ne l'aime pas. 16. Sans lui, je ne leur aurais jamais écrit cette sotte lettre.

1. As for you, my friend, I am certain that you will succeed. 2. Speak to me; don't speak to her. 3. Shall you

accept his offer? 4. Certainly, I shall accept it with a great deal of pleasure. 5. Your brother has written me, but I haven't answered him yet. 6. If you had lent me your pen, I should have written to him this morning. 7. It is for themselves that these children are working. 8. If he gives me that money, I shall not keep it.

9. Explain to me why

1'Notice that the thing asked for is in the accusative, and the person from whom a thing is asked is in the dative, whatever be the corresponding English form.

you will not keep it. 10. Why did you refuse her what she asked you for? 11. I had promised it to my neighbor. 12. Ask your neighbor for it. 13. He would punish her severely if she did not obey1 him. 14. I shall give him back his book, when he gives me back mine. 15. I think you will wait a long time. 16. So do I (I too). 17. Is it you who have bought a new house? 18. It isn't I, it is he.

Oral Drill.

moi?

2. Pourquoi

3. Est-ce pour leur

1. Parlez-vous pour moi ou contre avez-vous agi contre vos intérêts? parents ou pour eux-mêmes que ces enfants travaillent si bien ? 4. Est-ce pour moi ou pour vous que vous travaillez ? 5. Qu'est-ce que vous m'avez demandé? 6. Lui avez-vous demandé quelque chose? 7. Vous a-t-il demandé votre canif? 8. Est-ce vous qui avez acheté cette grande maison blanche ? 9. Est-elle dans le quartier américain ou près du musée ? 10. Combien l'avez-vous payée ?

1. I see you. 2. Do you see me? 3. I am not looking

4.

Is he looking at us?

6.

Don't look at me.

9. Look at him.

at him, I am looking at them. 5. At whom are you looking? 7. Look at her. 8. Don't look at her. 10. What do you see? 11. I give him nothing. 12. Give them something. 13. Do you do it? 14. Haven't you done it? 15. Don't do it. 16. Do it. 17. Do you know it? 18. Don't say it. 19. They haven't said it. for a knife.

Lesson 63: Pronoun Objects.

20. Ask him

Mon petit doigt me l'a dit. A little bird told me.

Before the Verb.

When two personal pronoun objects stand

before the verb, the first and second persons precede the third;

1 Remember that obéir takes the dative case.

when both are third person, the direct object precedes the indirect.

Je vous le donne, I give it to you.

Il me le donne, he gives it to me.

Je le lui donne, I give it to him.

Je ne vous le donne pas, I do not give it to you.
Je ne vous l'ai pas donné, I did not give it to you.

Ne me le donnez-vous pas, do you not give it to me?

Ne me l'avez-vous pas donné, did you not give it to me?

After the Verb.

When two personal pronouns stand after the verb (imperative affirmative), the direct object precedes the indirect.

Donnez-le-moi, give it to me.
Donnez-les-nous, give them to us.
Donnez-la-leur, give it to them.

Observe that in the imperative negative, the pronouns precede the verb.

Ne me le donnez pas, don't give it to me.

Ne le lui donnez pas, don't give it to him (to her).

Briefly: Direct and indirect object pronouns precede the verb, except in the imperative affirmative. Before the verb, the order is 1st, 2d, 3d person; if both pronouns are 3d person, the order is direct, indirect. In the imperative affirmative (pronouns after the verb), the order is always direct, indirect.

un article, an article.

un instant, an instant.

Vocabulary.

demander pardon à, to ask pardon of. pardonner, to pardon.

supposer, to supposè.

de ma part, from me, on my part.
de sa part, from him, on his part.
de votre part, from you, on your part.

Exercise.

1. Monsieur, je vous ai demandé le Journal des Débats il y a une demi-heure, et vous ne me l'avez pas donné. 2. Pardon, monsieur, je finis un article très intéressant; je vous le donnerai dans un instant. 3. Cet argent est à votre père, rendez-le-lui. 4. Voici mon verre; remplissez-le-moi, s'il vous plaît. 5. Je vous remercie. 6. Quand me prêterez