-ling (E. -ling; G. -lein, -ling): cnæp-ling (G. knäb-lein) little boy; leór-ling (G. theuer-ling) darling.

-incle (L. -uncul-us, -a): ráp-incle little rope.

-en (E. -en; G. -chen): mægd-en maid-en, from mægð maid (G. magd, mäd-chen); cyc-en chick-en, from cocc cock.

-en (E. -en): peód-en sovereign; byrð-en burth-en. -en (E. -en; G. -in). Feminines from masculines sometimes change the vowel; as, pen, pin-en slave, female slave; fox, fyx-en (G. fuchs, füchs-in) fox, vix-en; sometimes not; as, þeów, peów-en slave. Some change the vowel, and take -e; others change the vowel only; as, mearh, myr-e horse, mare; wulf, wylf (G. wolf, wölf-in) wolf, she-wolf.

-estre (E. and D. -ster): sang-estre (D. zang-ster) song-ster, from sangere singer; sæm-estre seam-ster, from sæm-ere seamer, tailor.(')

The following denote a state, action, or the like: -dóm (E. -dom; G. -thum): wís-dóm wis-dom; cyne-dóm(2) (G. könig-thum) king-ship.

-hád (E.-head, -hood; G. -heit): mæden-hád maiden-head; cild-hád (G. kind-heit) child-hood.

(") In songstr-ess, seamstr-ess, a Latin-French termination has been super. added. Huck-ster, malt-ster, tap-ster, and the like, are the true feminines of hawk-er, malt-er, tapp-er, &c. Spin-ster is yet rightly used.

(2) We have confounded -dom and -ric, but -dóm was properly the office, ̧rank, -rice the territory: thus, cyne-dóm, cyne-ríce (G. könig-reich); bisceop-dóm, bisceo p-ríce, and the like.

-scipe (E. -ship; G. -schaft): hláford-scipe lordship; freónd-scipe (G. freund-schaft) friend-ship. Lác (E. -lock): wif-lác, wed-lock.

-ađ, -ođ: hunt-að hunting; war-ođ sea-shore. -uđ, -đ (E. th; G.-end): geóg-uđ (G. jug-end) youth; treów- troth, truth.

-leást (-lýst; from adj. in -leás): gýme-leást heedlessness.

-ung, -ing (E. -ing; G. -ung): hálg-ung (G. heiligung) hallow-ing; leorn-ing learn-ing.

-nes (-nys, -nis: E. -ness; G. -niss): car-leás-nes careless-ness; ge-líc-nes (G. gleich-niss) like-ness.

-u, -eo, -o (G. -e): hát-u (G. hitz-e) heat; mænig-eo (G. meng-e) many, multitude; bræd-o (G. breit-e) breadth.

-els (E. -le; G. -el): ræéd-els (G. räths-el) ridd-le; sticc-els (G. stach-el) stick-le, sting.

-ed: rec-ed mansion; eow-ed flock.

-m (E. -om; G. -en): bot-m (G. bod-en) bott-om. -ot, -et, t: peow-ot, peow-t slavery; bærn-et burning.

-d, -t (E. -th, -d, -t; G. -t): ge-byr-d (G. ge-bur-t) bir-th; ge-cyn-d kin-d, nature; mih-t (G. mach-t) migh-t. -ræden (ræd counsel): hiw-ræden house-hold; mæg ræden relationship.

III.-Adjectival Terminations.

-e: ædel-e noble; fæg-e fated, fey.

-ig (E. -y, G. -ig): dreór-ig (G. traur-ig) drear-y ; hys-ig bus-y.

-líc (E. -like, -ly, G. -lich): leóf-líc (G. lieb-lich) love-ly; wíf-lic (G. weib-lich) woman-like, woman-ly.

-isc (E. -ish, G. isch): cild-isc (G. kind-isch) childish; Engl-isc (G. engl-isch) Engl-ish, Anglo-Saxon. -sum (E. -some, G. -sam): lang-sum (G. lang-sam) tedious, long-some; wyn-sum (G. wonne-sam) amiable, win-some.

-ol (-ul) (L. -ul-us): sprec-ol talkative.

-en (E. and G. en): fleax-en (G. flachs-en) flax-en ; hæd-en heath-en.

-bære (beran to bear : G. -bar): lust-bære (G. lustbar) pleasant; wæstm-bære fruitful.

-cund (cynn kind, race): woruld-cund worldly. -iht (G. -icht): porn-iht (G. dorn-icht) thorny. -weard (adj. and adv.; E. -ward): tó-weard toward, to come; hám-weard home-ward.

-feald (E. -fold): án-feald single, one-fold; tw feald, two-fold; manig-feald mani-fold.

-leás (E. -less, G. -los): syn-leás (G. sünde-los) sin-less; ár-leás (G. ehr-los) void of honour, impious. -wis (wise): ge-wís (G. ge-wiss) certain; riht-wis righteous.

-ern (E. -ern): súð-ern south-ern. -tyme: hefig-tyme troublesome.

IV.-Verbal Terminations.

-ian (-igan, -igean) forms verbs (I. 1.) from nouns, adjectives, and particles; as, cear-ian to care, gehýrsumian to obey, wider-ian to oppose; from cearu care, ge-hýrsum obedient, wider against.

C, g, n, or s, sometimes stands before -ian; as, gearc-ian to prepare, syn-g-ian to sin, wít-n-ian to punish, mær-s-ian to magnify; from gearu ready, yare, syn sin, wíte punishment, mære great, famous.

-án is contracted from -angan, -ágan, or -agan, and -ahan; as, gangan, gán to go; smeagan, smeán to consider, enquire; preagan, þreán to vex; sleahan, sleán (G. schlagen) to strike, slay.

-ón is contracted from -angan, or -ógan; as, fangan, fón to take; teógan, teón to draw, tug.

-ettan: hál-ettan to hail, greet, from hál whole, hale.

After c and g, e is not seldom inserted; as, ræc-ean, picg-ean, for ræc-an to reach, picg-an to touch, taste,

&c.

Other verbs in general form the infinitive in -an.

V.-Particles.

Adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions, are either primitive words, that is, not to be further resolved in the language treated of, or are formed from nouns (often obsolete), adjectives, &c. governed by a preposition expressed or understood. Of the former kind are nú now, geó (iú), formerly, eft again, get (iet), yet, be by, &c. . for for, tó to, ac but, gif if, &c. Of the latter kind, (to take the cases in order) are the accusatives on-weg (a-weg) a-way; on-bæc (under-, ofer-bæc) a-back, back; (on-)ge-mang a-mong; on-gean (a-gen) a-gain, a-gainst; ealne-weg al-way.

-e (abl. or dat.) forms many adverbs from nouns, adjectives,(1) &c.; as, on-riht-e (L. rect-e) (2) a-riht a-right, rightly; lang-e (L. long-e) long; mid-ealle altogether; be-dæle partly; tó-sóđe in sooth, truly; ofdúne, a-dún a-down, down; tó-gædere (æt-gædere), tó-somne (æt-somne, G. zu-sammen), to-gether.

líc-e (E. -ly; the same, borrowed from adjectives in -líc): sceort-líc-e short-ly, strang-líc-e strong-ly. Other ablatives are the conjunctions for-py therefore; (for-) hwý? (for) why?; datives for-pám because, tópón-pæet in order that, síð-pán (G. seit-dem) since.

-um, -on (abl. or dat. plur.): (on) hwíl-um, hwil-on whilome, whiles, wundr-um wondrously, hwyrft-um by turns, sticce-mælum (3) piece-meal, be lytl-um and lytl-um by little and little, furd-um (-on) even, just, on-sundr-on in-sunder, a-sunder.

-es (genitive): niht-es(*) (VUKт-oç, G. nacht-s) of a night, by night, will-es willingly, néd-es of necessity, needs, eall-es altogether, nall-es by no means, sóc es of a truth, tó-gean-es against, tó-midd-es amidst.

-a, -unga, -inga (perhaps gen. plur.): gear-a of

(1) Those in -h and -u take g and w, as, heáh, beáge; nearu, nearwe: see Adjectives Def., and Indef. I.

(3) L. adverbs in -e were perhaps ablatives, like those in -o, as ver-o and the like.

(3) Stic (II. 1) piece, bit, (steak) (G. stück); mál (II. 3) (G. mahl) meal, time of eating, milking cows, &c.

(*) The proper genitives of niht, willa, and néd (neód) are nihte, willan, néde; at an early stage of the language, all nouus formed the gen. in -es or s; comp. the many Gr. and L. genitives in -os &c. and -is.