Pres. 1. 3. Ah, 2. áge, pl. ágon (owe); imperf. áhte (ought); infin. ágan; p. past. ágen: own, possess. Likewise combined with ne; náh, náhte, &c.

An, 2. unne, pl. unnon; imperf. úđe; inf. unnan; p. past (ge-)unnen: grant.

Can() (can); 2. cunne or canst, pl. cunnon; imp.. cúde (could); inf. cunnan; p. past (ge-)cúd: know, ken, be able.

Deáh, duge, dugon; imp. dóhte; inf. dúgan: be good, brave, worth.

Dear, dearst, durron; subj. durre: imp. dorste (durst); inf. dearan: dare.

Ge-man(3), ge-manst, ge-munon: imp.ge-munde; inf. ge-munan: remember.

Mæg("), miht, magon (may); subj. mæge (mage); imp. mihte (meahte) (might); inf. magan: be able. Mót(5), móst, móton; subj. móte; imp. móste: may, might, must.

Sceal(6) (shall), scealt (shalt), sceolon (sculon); subj. scyle; imp. sceolde (should); inf. sculan: owe. Wát(7) (wot), wást, witon; imp. wiste (wisse) (wist); subj. wíte; imper. wíte, wítad; inf. wítan; ger. tó wítanne (to wit); p. pres. wítende; p. past witen: know. Thus also nýtan to know not.

(2) Comp. L. novi I know; G. kenne, kann, kannte, konnte, &. (2) Comp. L. defective me-min-i I remember.

(*) G. mag, möge, mögte, &c.

(*) G. muss, musste, &c.

(*) G. soll, sollte, &c.

(') Comp. oida I know; G. weiss, wusste, wissen; L. scio; as distin guished from can (onáwe) yivwokw, L. novi.

G

pearf(1), pearft or purfe, purfon; subj. þurfe; imp. porfte; inf. pearfan: need.

XVI.—Auxiliaries, &c.

The A. S. has no future tense, the present serving for both wille and sceal, like G. will and soll, imply will, duty, and the like, and are not used like will and shall, to form a simple future; the present of beón has commonly a future power. The perfect and pluperfect are formed as in English, German, &c. by means of the verb to have; as, ic hæbbe (ge-)lufod I have loved.(*) The participle past being as in the above-named tongues the only true passive form, the passive tenses are formed throughout by the help of the auxiliaries wesan, weordan, and beón to be; as, present ic eom, or weorde lufod(3) I am loved; imperf. ic was, or weard lufod; perf. ic eom lufod worden I have been loved; pluperf. ic was lufod worden I had been loved; future, ic beó lufod I shall be loved.

Impersonal verbs are like those of other languages; as, hit rind it rains; hit ge-limpd it happens. Some have a passive sense; as, a-lýfð it is allowed, lawful (L. licet); ge-wyrd it is agreed, seems good (L. convenit). (') G. darf, durfte.

The imperfect is often used for the pluperfect..

(3) Comp. G. ich habe, hatte, werde, wurde, ge-liebt; ich bin, war, geliebt worden.

CHAPTER VI.

I.-Formation of Words. Prefixes.

As in Greek, Latin, German, &c. this branch of the language must be strictly attended to, if we would learn ⚫ the origin, gender, and inflection of words: it consists of Derivation, and Composition, in both which the A. S. closely resembles the German. Derivation either modifies the meaning of a word by putting before it a prefix, or changes its part of speech, and inflection, by adding a termination. Composition forms new words by joining one or more together.

The following are the chief prefixes:

un- (on-) (L. in-; E. and G. un-): un-scyldig (G. un-schuldig) in-nocent; un-tigian to un-tie.

n- (ne not; L. ne) : n-yllan (for newillan; L. n-olle for ne velle) to will not, nill; n-án none.

mis- (E. mis-; G. miss-, misse-): mis-truwian (G. mis-trauen) to mis-trust; mis-dad (G. misse-that) misdeed.

wan-(*) (wana wanting): wan-hál unhealthy.

to-(5) (L. dis-; G. zer-): to-brecan (L. dis-rumpere, G. zer-brechen) to break in pieces; to-drífan (L. dis-` pellere, G. zer-treiben) to scatter, drive away.

(*) Hence O. wan-hope (D. wan-hoop) despair; wan-trust (D. wantrouw) mis-trust.

(3) Hence O. to-broken, to-torn &c. The prefix to- must be carefully glistinguished from the preposition tó.

for-(') (L. per-; F. for-; G. ver-): for-beódan (G. ver-bieten) to for-bid; for-swerian (L. per-jurare) to for-swear; for-gán to for-go; for-bærnan (G. ver brennen) to burn up, consume; for-gifan (G. ver-geben) to give away, for-give.

wider- (wid against; G. wider-): wider-saca (G. wider-sacher) adversary.

and- (avre; G. ant-): and-wlíta (G. ant-litz) coun

tenance.

ge- (G. ge-; L. com-, con-, co-): has in general a collective sense; as, ge-bróðra (G. ge-brüder) brethren ; ge-scý (G. ge-schuhe, F. chaussure) shoes; ge-mæne (G. ge-mein, L. com-mune) common; ge-fera (G. gefährte, L. com-es) companion; it forms active verbs from neuters, nouns, &c. as, ge-standan to urge; ge-pencan (G.ge-denken) to think of, remember; ge-strangian to strengthen; ge-leánian to reward; ge-niderian to degrade, condemn; from standan, pencan, strang, leán (reward), nider; or gives a figurative sense; as, bid dan to ask, beg, ge-biddan to pray. Many words, however, take ge- without any change of meaning; as, seón, geseón to see; hýran, ge-hýran to hear, obey; mearc, ge-mearc mark, limit; rúm, ge-rúm wide, roomy.

be- (E. and G. be-) makes neuter verbs active; as, gán to go, be-gán to commit, &c. (G. gehen,be-gehen); feran to go, be-feran to travel over (G. fahren, befahren). It is sometimes privative; as, bycgan to buy, be-bycgan to sell; be-heáfdian to be-head: often in.

() Hence O. for-done, for-spent, &c. The prefix for- must not be con⚫ founded with the preposition for, which seems not to occur in composition.

tensive; as, reáfian to rob, be-reáfian to be-reave (G. rauben, be-rauben); be-gyrdan (G. be-gürten) to begird; or otherwise modifies the sense; as, be-healdan to be-hold, be-sprecan (G. be-sprechen) to be-speak, ed- (again, re-): ed-niwian to re-new.

sin- (simle always, L. semper): sin-grén ever-green. sam- (L. semi-): sam-cuce(*) half-quick, half-dead. æg- or ge- gives pronouns and adverbs an indeterminate sense; as, ag-hwylc (ge-hwylc) each, every, ag-hwider whithersoever.

II.-Nominal Terminations.

The following are the chief Nominal Terminations, denoting for the most part persons:

-a(3): cemp-a warrior, champion; hunt-a hunter ; bog-a bow.

-ere: (E. and G. -er; L. -or): réáf-ere (G. raub-er) robb-er; sæd-ere (L. sat-or) sow-er.

-end (from the part. pres.): Hal-end (G. Heil-and) Saviour, healer; weald-end ruler.

-e: hyrd-e herd, keeper; sig-e victory; riht-wís-e righteousness.

-el, -ol, -1 (E. -le; G. -el): byd-el (G. bed-el) herald, bead-le; gaf-ol tribute, gav-el; set-1 (G. sess-el) seat, sett-le.

-ing: ædel-ing prince, young noble; Wóden-ing son of Woden; earm-ing poor wretch.

(3) Cuc, cucu, cucen, cwic (-e) are also found.

(9) Answering sometimes to L. -0 ; as, g u m-a, L. hom-o man, groom; ' hence brý d-guma G. bräuti-gam, bride-groom.