Units combined with ordinal tens stand first when cardinals, last when ordinals; as, án and pryttigođe one and thirtieth; þý twentigodan dæge and pý feordan dæge Septembris, on the twenty and fourth day of September.

Healf half placed after an ordinal number (like G. halb) reduces it by half; as, óđer-healf (lit. secondhalf) one and a half, (G. andert-halb); pridde-healf

(lit. third-half) two and a half (G. dritte-halb).(1) A'n, twá, preo, form an-e once, twi-wa (tu-wa) twice, pry-wa thrice; with the other cardinals, and all the ordinals, síc a time is used in the ablative for the same purpose; as, feower, fíf, &c. síðum or sídon four, five, &c. times; (þý) forman, óđre, þryddan, &c. side the first, second, third, &c. time.

-εειν,

CHAPTER V.

I.-Verbs. Conjugation.

THERE are two Orders of Verbs, as of Nouns; viz. the Simple and the Complex; (2) the former containing pure or open Verbs answering to the Greek in -αɛly, and οείν, and to the Latin in -are, -ère, and -ire; the latter impure or close Verbs, answering to the Greek regulars, and to the Latin in -ĕre, &c.(3) The Simple Order forms its imperfect by adding -ode (-ede), -de, or -te to the root; the participle past by adding -od (-ed), -d, or -t: in the Complex the imperfect becomes monosyllabic and changes its vowel; the participle past ends in -en.(*) The former is divided into three Classes forming one Conjugation; the latter into two Conjugations of three Classes each.

(') Comp. Яμiσv-тpiros, L. sesqui-alter, -tertius.

(2) Simple Verbs are by Grimm termed Weak, Complex Strong.

(3) See Rask's Grammar, pp. 67-70.

(*) E. and G. verbs in general follow the A.S., though complex forms bave in each not seldom become simple.

II.-Comparative View of the Chief Tenses.

SIMPLE ORDER, OR CONJUGATION I.

Examples-luf-ian to love, G. lieb-en; hýr-an to hear, G. hör-en; tell-an to tell, reckon, G. zähl-en.

Present.

brec-e

COMPLEX ORDER.-CONJUGATION II.

Examples-brec-an to break, G. brech-en; heald-an

to hold, G. halt-en; drag-an to draw, drag, G. trag-en.

CONJUGATION III.

Examples-bind-an to bind, G. bind-en; dríf-an to

drive, G. treib-en; clúfan to cleave, G. klieb-en.

III.-Simple Order, or Conjugation I.

CLASS I. CLASS II.

CLASS III.

(1) Comp. love, lov-est, lov-eth; G. lieb-e, lieb-est, lieb-et, &c. L. am-o, -as, -at, &c.

The first form of the present indicative, and of the imperative plural, is used when the pronoun comes first, or is left out; as, we lufiad we love, hýrad hear; the second when the pronoun follows close; as, telle ge tell ye? The subjunctive plural sometimes ends in an or -en; as, lufian, hýrden, and the like. The gerund, which is always preceded by tó, and seems to be a kind of dative of the infinitive, answers to our infinitive present, active and passive, and to the Latin supines, infinitive future, active and passive, &c.; as, Come þú ús tó for-spill anne? camest thou to destroy us? L. nos perditum. Hwæder is édre tó cwe danne? whether is easier to say? L. facilius dictu. Eart þú se-pe tó cumenne eart? art thou he that is (art) to come?