has hái-háit, lái-láik, rái-ród from háitan &c. Some only alter the vowel. as sceape, sceóp, where the Goth. has sái-skáp.

Page 54.—Verbs in -án form their part. pres. in -ánde; sleán, sleánde.

Page 58.-W ríðan is an exception to the general rule that complex verbs change into d in the 2nd pers. sing., and in the plural of the imperf., and in the past part.: see cweðan p. 50, weorðan p. 57, and seóðan p. 60, which are all regular.

Page 62.-Complex participles past sometimes agree like adjective with a noun, sometimes do not; as, pa þing þe him ge-sende weron the things that were sent him. Seó óðre naman was Tate haten who by another name was hight Tate.

The part. past in the pluperfect is sometimes governed in the accus. by the auxiliary hæbban, as, Þá híg hæfdon hyra lof-sang ge-sungenne when they had sung their song of praise.

Page 63.-Un- sometimes, as in G., is not merely negative, but implies badness; un-þeáw bad habit, un-weder (G. un-ge-witter) storm, bad weather.

The prefix to must be carefully distinguished from the preposition tó in composition; as, to-gán to go asunder, separate, tó-gán to go to; G. zer-gehen, zu-gehen: to- implies division, dispersion of parts, and hence often destruction.

Page 64.-For- gives in general a negative or bad sense, or is intensive, much like karα-; déman to judge, for-déman to condemn, Kрivεlv, karα-кpivε, G. ur-theilen, ver-urtheilen; bernan to burn, for-bernan to burn up, consume, KalɛLY, KATA-KALELY, G. brennen, ver-brennen; dón to do, make, for-dón to un-do, ruin, destroy; scyppan to form, for-scyppan to trans-form, de-form; for-fel a very many. This prefix must not be confounded with the prepositions for and fore; (probably of the same origin, = L. pro); thus for-seón is to over-look, de-spise, G. ver-sehen; for-seón, fore-seón to fore-see, G. vor-sehen; for-gán to for-go, do without,

perish, G. ver-gehen, L. per-ire; fore-gán to fore-go, go before, G. vor-gehen, L. præ-ire. It is as wrong to write fore-go for for-go, as fore-give for for-give.

And- answers closely to ávri-, denoting opposition, reciprocity &c.; and-saca denier; and-wyrdan, and-swarian, åvr-epe‹v to answer; and-wlítan, åvri ßλeweiv, to gaze at, look in the face.

The prefix ge- is in A. S. used oftener and more indiscriminately than in any kindred language old or new. Though originally conveying no notion of past time, it seems gradually to have acquired it, and to have become a kind of syllabic augment to imperfects, but especially to participles past, as in Dutch and German. In the formation of English it was by degrees dropt before all but participles past, where it first became i- or y-, and has since been lost altogether, surviving only as a- in some P. words. In G. and D. it is still in use before nouns, adjectives &c., but in general with a distinct effect on their meaning, referible to its original collective force. A. S. ge- sometimes denotes the result of doing a thing; as, Ge-slóh þín fæder fáha maste thy father by striking avenged the greatest of feuds. His feorh ge-faran oððe ge-irnan to save his life by going or running (to a sanctuary).

Page 65.-The prefix or- (left out in the right place) denotes want of a thing; as, or-mæte im-mense, measure-less, or-trúwian to de-spair, or-sorh care-less, se-cure: it must not be confounded with or- in or-eald very old, (G. ùr-alt), from or, ord beginning, point, connected with L. or-ior, or-igo &c.

The ending -el, -ol, answers sometimes to L. -ul-um; gyrd-el, L. cing-ulum, girdle.

The primary meaning of -ing is young, and hence it forms patronymics, and terms of contempt &c.: -ling has been supposed to be derived from -ing.

Page 66.-Other feminines in -en are menn-en from man, G. mann, männin; gyd-en from god, G. gott, gött-in, D. god, god-in: in -e; fyl-e, filly, from fol-a foal; wal-e from wealh or wal-a, Celt, stranger; webb-e (or webb-estre web-ster), from webb-a

wenver.

The ending -estre (like D. -ster) is feminine only, and the notion of thus forming nouns of contempt &c., as pun-ster, trick-ster, road-ster is modern.

The ending dóm is properly a noun (II. 2.) doom, judgment, authority, dignity: hád is also a noun (II. 2.) state, condition, rank, Holy Orders.

Page 67.-scipe (not occurring alone) is related to scapan, (sceapan), to shape, form, create, and denotes form, mode, condition ; land-scape, or land-skip, (land-scipe) G. land-schaft, D. land-schap, should in rule be land-ship, unless borrowed, like a few other words, directly from the Dutch.

The adjective ending -ig auswers to ¿x-oç, L. -ic-us.

Page 68.-A. S. -Isc had often a bad sense, which E., G., and D. -ish, -isch, -sch almost always have, except when added to local names; the three former often contrast with -líc, -like or -ly, G. -lich, which convey a good or indifferent notion; as, folc-isc vulgar (Chaucer has pepl-ish), folc-líc popular; cild-isc child-ish, G. kind-isch, cild-lic child-like, G. kind-lich; compare also mann-ish, man-like, man-ly, G. männ-isch, männ-lich; woman-ish, woman-ly, G. weib-isch, weib-lich; girl-ish, maiden-ly &c.

While -ol (-ul) answers in form to L. -ul-us, in sense it is more like -ax, commonly denoting a wrong propensity; as, sprec-ol, cwid-ol, L. loquax, dic-ax talkative, evil-tongued; et-ol, L. ed-ax greedy. Sometimes as in só ð-sag-ol truth-telling, deóp-banc-ol deep-thinking, it expresses a good quality.

-en (G. -ern, -en) usually denotes the material of which a thing is made; as, sten-en of stone, G. stein-ern; treó w-en treen, wood-en ; gyld-en gold-en, G. gold-en ; lin-en lin-en, of lin or flax, G. lein-en ; from stán, treów, gold, lin. Several words thus formed are now obsolete; ston-en, brick-en &c. are still in P. use.

-cund answers to L. -cund-us.

Some adjectives are formed in -ed or -d like simple participles past, as, ge-hyrned horn-ed, (G. ge-hörn-t); ge-sceód shod (G. ge-schuh-t); the rest of the verb, if any, is here wanting.

Page 69:--c-, -n-, -8-, in these and the like verbs represent lost syllables; therefore swin-s-ian (to make melody) is no exception to the rule against ns in the same syllable; see p. 2. n. 1.

The verbal endings -ian and -an (-ev, G. and D. -an) became in time -en and -e, the latter of which has in many cases been dropt, in all has lost its sound. Such verbs as whit-en, black-en are of modern use, to white and the like being the older form.

1 Page 71.-Other adverbs in cominon use are: á aye, always, œfre (G. and D. immer) ever, næfre (G. and D. nimmer) never, ædre straightway, recene instantly, eft-sona eft-soon, forth-with, endemes at length, þær-rihte (ford-ribte) forthwith, elles else, otherwise, elles-hwider else-whither, ellor elsewhere, þus (D. dus) thus, georue (G. gerne) earnestly, willingly, pearle very, exceedingly, geara well, accurately, (ly t-)h won a little (S. a wheen), hugu (hwegu), hwet-(hwylc)-hugu &c. somewhat, a little, pances gratis, ágnes þances of one's own accord, his &c. willan, unwillan with, against his &c. will, semninga suddenly, hrædinga quickly, áninga (áninga) alone, only, on bec-ling backward. Sona is construed with a genitive; as, Sona þas soon after that. Sona pas wintres early in the winter.

Page 72.-It seems likely that the first part of the word Oxena-ford is not from oxa ox, but from the Celtic root meaning water, river, (A. 8. wos is ooze, liquid) which appears in Ouse (many) Isis, Ex, Ax, Usk, Esk, Oise, Aisne, Yssel, Oxus, and so many other names of rivers; and this is confirmed by Ousn-ey in the neighbourhood. Ford of oxen is however the strict meaning of the A. 8. name, and doubtless the one then attached to it; Boc-ropoc, Schwein-furt, Swin-ford and the like supply fair analogies.

Ofer sometimes conveys the same idea as for-; ofer-gitan (= for-gitan) to forget, ofer-hyogan-for-hycgan to despise.

Of beside its intensive force (p. 105. n. 2.) sometimes has a bad one; as, me pinct me thinks, me of-pines it repenteth me, I take it ill.

Page 73.-Our prefix a- has in general sprung from the A. S. on(an-, a-), and on is still sometimes used for it; as, a-float, A. S. onflote; a-live, A. 8. on-life (G. am leben); a-two (in-two), A. S. on-twá; a-feared, A. S. a-fered; O. on flote, on life, on two, also on sleep, on row &c. now a-sleep &c.; we yet say on board, or a-board, on fire, or a-fire and the like: see also p. 69-71, 73.

In some words a- is from A. S. o f-; as, of-dúne (a-dúne, a-dún) a-down, down (= G. berg-ab); of-þyrst a-thirst; we say too of kin or a-kin; it is therefore not unlikely that in other cases A. S. a- may, as the sense would imply, have sprung from of-; thus a-faran to depart, a-wen dan to turn away, a-weorpan to cast off, answer to G. ab-fahren, and G. and D. ab-wenden, af-wenden, ab-werfen, afwerpen: so ȧro, άr' became L. ab, and that in time a. Once or twice E. a- is from A. S. ge-; as ge-líc (O. y-like), a-like; ge-mang (O. e-mong), a-mong.

Page 77.-Adjectives also take an abl. or dat. of the cause &c., which commonly stands first; as, I ú-dédum fáh stained with (my) former deeds. Wundum wérig weary with wounds.

Likewise of the person &c. by whom the action implied is done; as, His freóndum or-wéne despaired of by his friends. Wurðfull þám cyningum to be honoured by kings. Un-a-secgendlíc nigum unspeakable by any.

Adjectives in general govern the object to which they have relation in the dative; as, Ic eom ge-trýwe mínon hláf-orde I am true to my lord. He was me yrre he was angry with me. Dryhten was þám folce gram (the) Lord was wroth with the people.

Adjectives denoting nearness also govern the dative; as, A'n biscop pe him þá hendest was a bishop that was then nearest (han- . diest) to him.

Some adverbs take the same case as the adjectives whence they are formed: Nanig him ge-líce þæt dón meahte none could do that like him.

Page 79.-The following verbs also govern the dative of the far ob