1, 2, color flesh-red, reddish, greenish and grayish-brown, G.=2·667-2674; 3, granular greenish base of same rock, G.-2.665-2-668; 4, pale greenish and bluishgray, finely granular, G. of greenish-gray portion, 2-681; 5, 6, color pale lavenderblue, G. 2.680-2-692; numbers 1 to 6 from Chateau Richer;-7, from district of Montreal, bluish, G.-2691; 8, from La Chute, associated like the above with crystalline limestone, color lavender-blue, G.=2-687.

Mr. Hunt supposes that albite and anorthite are the only two distinct species of triclinic feldspar, and that others, intermediate in composition, are mixtures of these two homoeomorphous species.

On the composition of some Feldspars (Orthoclase) of the granite of the Dublin and Wicklow mountains, J. A. Galbraith, Phil. Mag., [4], ix, 40 (anal. 1—7), and x, 115 (anal. 8):

1. Dalkey, Co. Dublin,

2. Three Rock Mountain, 3. L. Bray,

Si Al 64.00 18:11

65-40 17-71

65:44 18:36

4. L. Dan, Co. Wicklow,

65.05 17.72

5. Glenmacanass,

64-19 18:39

6. Glendalough,

66

63.60 18.84

Mg Ca K Na ign.

0.57 tr. 12-73 300 0·55 98.96; G.=2·540 1.77 tr. 10-68 3·26 0·69 99.51; G.=2·562 0.80 12:34 273 0·52=100-19; G.=2·554 tr. 0-23 13:42 2-75 0·36= 99.53; G.=2·559 0-34 0-70 11:39 2.95 0.58= 98 54; G.=2-553 0-40 tr. 14:33 1.92 0-60 99-69; G.=2·453 7. Glenmalur, Co. Dublin, 64.48 19.04 1.02 tr. 10-74 2-64 0-78= 98-70; G.=2·560 8. Near Dublin, 70-32 16-12 Fe 3-20 1.34 4.65 3.39 0.96 99-98

A variety of Orthoclase containing lithia, from the vicinity of Radeberg, afforded G. Jenzsch (Pogg., xcv, 304):

G. 2.548. H. 6. Color smalt-blue to milk-white. Associated with lithia mica. Pseudomorph of potash mica (muscovite) after feldspar, from the granite of Hirschberg. Analysis by Kjerulf (J. f. pr. Chem., lxv, 190):—

The orthoclase analyzed may not have been quite pure, as it was selected in grains from the mica scales.

Analysis of Labradorite, (1) from a Hypersthene rock of Silesia, (2) from Gabbro, by G. von Rath (Pogg., xcv, 538—see Hypersthene, under Pyroxene):

Color bluish-gray, without opalescence. For 1, G. 2715; for 2, G. = 2.707. Labradorite occurs in the Witchita Mts., west of the Mississippi, (Marcy's Rep. Expl Red River, p. 137.)

Deville regards Vosgite as an altered Labradorite, (Ann. Ch. Phys. [3], xl, 271). He has analyzed the mineral from Ternuay, and obtained:

SECOND SERIES, Vol. XXI, No. 62, March, 1856.

26

No. 1 is analysis of the whole crystal; No. 2 of the inner portion; No. 3 of the outer; the last afforded 26 p. c. of carbonate of lime. Oxygen ratio for R, R, Si of

No. 1, 0·90 3:743; of No. 2, 0·84:3: 678; and of 3, 141:3:705.
Andesine, according to Deville (Ann. Ch. Phys., [3], xl, 283), is altered oligoclase.
Specimens of the porphyry of Marmato afford 3.5 to 5 p. c. of carbonate of lime.
Three trials gave-

Na

0.38

100; G = 2·61

0.85

1.52

No. 1 gives Deville for the oxygen ratio for R, Si, 0·96: 3: 8.86; No. 2, 0·72 :3:7-78; No. 3, 079:3:6-89. No. 1 appeared unaltered; No. 2 afforded 14 p. c. of carbonate of lime. Deville refers here also the Ryakolite (?) of Teneriffe. Analysis of Labradorite from Sweden (from the north slope of the Linderöds Mts.), sp. gr. 2.68, by Blomstrand (Oefv. Ak. Förh., 1854, p. 296.):

FELSOBANYITE [Suppl. I]. Found at Kapnik in Hungary.

FLUOR [p. 94]-Kenngott (Min. Not., No. 14) describes a green trisoctahedron of fluor which has very narrow dodecahedral planes of a violet-blue color. It has some resemblance to a crystal from Saxony in which the three axial sections were colorless, while the rest of the crystal was violet-blue.

He describes and figures an octahedral crystal of the same species, from Schlackenwald, which has a small dodecahedron of fluor on each angle. The color is pale violet-blue.

Still another form he mentions, which is a peculiar twin presenting faces of the cube and the tetrahexahedron 03. Small globular concretions violet-blue to colorless, have been found at Kapnik.

For fluor in Aragonite and Calcite, see those species.

GALACTITE [1st Suppl.]-Kenngott states from Haidinger, that Galactite oocurs white, and that the locality is Glenfarg in Perthshire, Scotland.

GALENA [p. 39]--The Galena of Missouri afforded Dr. Litton usually a trace of silver the highest per-centage 0027. Mine La Motte Galena gave 0012 to 0027, Rep. Geol. Missouri, 1855, in which there are notices of the various mines of the state. Galena at Phenixville, Pa., Smith, Am. J. Sci., xx, 248.

GARNET [p. 190].-A black Garnet occurring with green feldspar in Norway, contains yttria; analysis by Prof. Bergemann (Sitz. nied. Ges., Bonn, July, 1854):

Bi

34.94

Fe 30.01

Ca 26.04

=

Mn
1.09

Specific gravity 3.88. H. 5, or like apatite.

GLAUBER SALT [p. 386].-Analysis of the Salt from Guipuscoa, Spain, by Rivot (Ann. d. Mines, [5], vi, 558):

S248 Na 19-5 K tr.

Ča 0.8 Mg 0.5 立 54-5

It corresponds to the formula Nas+10H. Occurs in a thick bed, and is compact, massive, of a white color. Effloresces rapidly.

GLAUCONITE OR GREEN SAND [p. 288].-Composition of the Green Sand of Essen in Rhenish Westphalia, according to D. H. von Dechen (Verh. nat. Ver., Bonn, 1855, 176):

Si 58.17 Al 10-09 Fe 18.75 Mg 3:37 K 3:37 6·25 = 100 These green grains make up 331 p. c. of the sand; of the rest 41 p. c. are quartz sand, and 2.59 p. c. are a calcareous cement, consisting of

GLOTTALITE [p. 319].-See Chabazite.

GOLD [p. 7].-W. P. Blake on the California mines, Am. J. Sci. [2], xx, 72.

GOLD AMALGAM [p. 15]-Found at Mariposa, California. Analysis by F. Sonnenschein (Zeitsch. d. deutsch geol. Gesellsch., vi, 243, in Lieb. u. Kopp., 1854, p. 807). Gold 39:02 and 4163, with quicksilver 60.98 and 58:37. Color yellowishwhite. In 4-sided prisms. M. Schmitz is stated to be authority for this locality.

GRAPHITE [p. 29].-According to Kenngott (Min. Not., No. 14), a specimen of a graphite from Ticonderoga, contains crystals in hexagonal tables, having the planes of two pyramids on the basal edges, and of a rhombohedron on the angles. Angle between the base (0) of the prism and one pyramid, 110°, between 0 and the other pyramid, 137°; O and the rhombohedron, 122°. The last gives by calculation for R: R-85° 30', or exactly 85° 29'. Calling this the fundamental rhombohedron, R, the pyramids are 2P2 and P2. Haidinger, in his Handb. der bestim. Min., p. 513, mentions a pyramid having for the angle at the side edge 40° 56'. It is probably R, in which this angle would be 38° 13'. If the pyramid belongs to the same zone with 2P2, it may be †P2, which affords the side angle 43° 37′. Specific gravity of the Ticonderoga graphite, 2-229.

Crystals of graphite from Ersby and Storgard have been studied by N. A. E. Nordenskiold (Pogg., xcvi, 110) and pronounced monoclinic; the form a short 6-sided oblique table much like common mica. ii (cleavage face) on faces of an oblique prism e'' 106° 21, c'' : c''=122° 24'. Inclination of the vertical axis 88° 14′.

GYPSUM [p. 377].-Abundant west of Mississippi, Marcy's Rep. Expl. Red River, p. 148, 164, &c. In California, Am. J. Sci., [2], xx, 83.

HAUSMANNITE [p. 118].-A form of compound crystal of Hausmannite similar in general character to figure 295 A, Min., p. 69, has been observed by Kenngott (Min. Not., No. 16). It presents the octahedral planes 1, and on the angles, 4 planes, t.

Dauber (Pogg, xciv, 406) has obtained for the pyramidal angle of 1, 105° 50'; and for, 140' 31, from the Hausmannite of Ilmenau.

HEMATITE (Specular Iron) [p. 113].-Octahedrons, pseudomorph after magnetite, Nöggerath (Sitz. nied. Ges., Bonn, July, 1854).-On ore of Missouri, Geol. Report by G. C. Swallow, 1855.

HERBERITE [1st Suppl.]-Identity with Smithsonite, Am. J. Sci., xx, 118.

HEDDLITE, Greg.-A native oxalate of potash, according to M. Forster Heddle; color-purplish red, arising from some oxalate of cobalt. From a copper mine at the Old Man, near Coniston Lake in Westmoreland, England, associated with Conistonite of Greg. Edinb. N. Phil. J., [2], i, 365.

HIRCINE, Piddington.-A fossil resin supposed to be new. Arch. d. Pharm., lxxiv, 318, and Kenngott's Min. Forsch for 1853, p. 134.

HORNBLENDE [p. 170].-The greenstone of Neurode in Silesia consists of Saussurite (Labradorite) 434 p. c., and a hornblende having the composition of augite, and therefore uralite (56 p. c.). Part of the hornblende shows evidence of alteration. G. 3.273. Analysis by von Rath (Pogg., xcv, 557):

Si 48-70 1 0-82 Fe 25-21 Ĉa 11-25 Mg 12:01 alkalies tr. ign. 101=99·00 affording the oxygen ratio for R, E, Si, 13.60: 0-38: 25.30.

A hornblende-like mineral, a constituent of the Zircon-Syenite of Norway, afforded von Kovanko the following composition--except that the iron, in accordance with a subsequent examination by v. Puzyrewsky, is made part peroxyd, (Th. Scheerer in J. f. pr. Chem., lxv, 341):

Ča Mg Na K

Si Al Fe Fe Mn
37.34 12.66 10-24 9.02 0.75 11:43 10:35 418 2.11

Oxygen 19-38 5.91 3:07 2.00 0.17 3.27 4.14 1.08 0.36
Oxygen ratio for H, Ř, K, Si, 1·64 : 11·02:8-98: 19-38.

1.85-99.98

1.64

Scheerer by his theory (taking 325i, and 3=1 Mg) makes out the formula (R)[Si]+(R) [Si], the hornblende formula.

[The composition obtained is near that of Epidote; the propriety of calling the species hornblende may be questioned.—J. D. D.]

NORDENSKIÖLDITE is identical with Tremolite, (Kenngott, Sitz. Wien, xii, 297.) HYPERSTHENE, see Pyroxene.

IDOCRASE [p. 197].-Analyses and descriptions by Rammelsberg (Pogg. xciv, 92) -the results here cited, mean of 2 or 3 analyses-

Si Al Fe Ca Mg K 1. Vesuvius, ywh-bn, 37-75 17-23 443 37.35 3.79 dull bn, 37.83 1098 903 35.69 4:37

2.

38-25 15:49 2:16 36-70 4:31 047
3756 11.61 729 36:45 5:33
37-15 15:52 4.85 36-77 5:42 035

6. Haslau, near Eger, 39.52 13:31 804 35-02 1:54 132
7. Egg near Chris-
tiansand,

8. Eger,

9. Sanford, Me.,

10. Wilui,

11. Ala,

}

10055 G.-3.382

97.90 G.-3-428-3-429 97.38 G.=3.344 98.24 G.=3.385 =10006 G.=3378 98.75 G.-3.411

37.20 13:30 8:42 34-48 4.22 0.31 Ti1·51-9944 G. 3·436

37-88 14:48 7:45 34.28 4:30
37.64 15-64 6:07 35-86 2:06
38:40 10:51 7·15 35-96 7.70
37-15 13:44 6:47 37-41 287 0·93

Fe 045 98.89 G.=3-384
Ti 2:40 9967 G.=3·434

=99-72

=98-27

G. 3415
G.=3407

The oxygen ratios afforded for the R, R, Si, are given by Raminelsberg as follows. (1) 13: 1:21; (2) 1·5: 1: 2·5; (3) 1·5:1: 2·5; (4) 16:1: 2·5; (5) 1·5:1:22; (6) 1·3 :1: 2·4; (7) 1·4 : 1 : 2·4; (8) 13:1: 22; (9) 1·3:1: 2·3; (10) 1·9:1:2·8; (11) 15:1: 2.3. Whence he deduces that 15:125 is the true ratio, [or adding the protoxyds and peroxyds 25: 25=1:1]. Rammelsberg also shows that by regarding the iron as oxyd or partly so, the analyses of Magnus and Varrentrapp afford the same ratio nearly. Formula hence deduced, 3R3Si+2K Si. Analysis by J. W. Mallet (Am. J. Sci., [2], xx, 85):

=

Si 38-32 Al 25-68 Fe 8·13 Ca 25-29 Mg 089 Cop. pyrites 1.91 99-79 The copper may possibly be present as oxyd instead of sulphuret. Loc. Ducktown, Tennessee. G. 3.359. Form of crystals 0, 1, 1, 1i, ii. Nearly colorless. Scheerer has also analyzed different Idocrases, as follows (Pogg. xcv, 520): ΑΙ Fe Mn Ca Mg й HCl

1. Ala,

Si

37.35 11.85 9.23 tr. 32.70 603 2.73 0.015 99·90 2. Vesuvius, 37.80 12.11 9.36 tr. 32-11 7-11 167 undet. =100·16 3. Eger, bnh-gn, 37-73 13:49 595 047 37-49 1.98 189 undet. Fe 0·95 99.95 Mean oxygen ratio, for H, R, E, Si, is 1.86: 11-86: 8-28: 1953. [Excluding the water, the oxygen ratio for R+ and Si is very nearly 1:1. Taking 566-25 as the equivalent of Silica, the ratio becomes 1:86: 11-86: 8-28: 1993, which is still nearer 1:1.-J. D. D.].

Scheerer makes out, by his polymerous isomorphism the augitic formula (R) [Si]2.

The percentage of water in Idocrase has been determined as follows by G. Magnus (Pogg., xcvi, 347):—

Another specimen of the last gave for Ĥ 2:03.

The loss by strong ignition for several Idocrases was as follows: Slatoust, 268, 2:10 p. c.; Bannat, 241, 241; Wilui, 0·73; Egg, near Christiansand, 2-21, 2-19; Vesuvius, green, 2·80; ib. brown, 2·33, 2·15; Ala, 3·10.

Garnet on the contrary affords only a trace of water. Grossular from Wilui, 0·12; Almandine of Slatoust, 0·00; Red Cinnamon Stone, 0.25, 0.34.

On the crystallographic structure of idocrase as shown by subjection to fluohydric acid by Leydolt, Akad. Wiss. Wien, May, 1855.

Locality at Fahlun in talcose slate, Kenngott, Min. Not., No. 16.

IRIDIUM [p. 13].-The gold of California is well known to be associated with Iridium. Traces of it have remained in the coin of the Philadelphia mint. In a paper by H. Dubois (cited in Ann. d. Mines, [5], vi, 518, 1854), it is stated that the coin had undergone in England a depreciation of four pence per ounce on account of the iridium; and much difficulty had been encountered in using it for jewelry, on account of the hard points, some grains of iridium present in the gold weighing even 40 milligrams. Mr. Dubois proposes effecting the separation by making an alloy of gold with silver, as usual, and then allowing it to stand melted 15 minutes; the iridium, whose specific gravity is 19, will settle to the bottom in an alloy of 12 or 13. A repetition of the process a few times will remove the whole. 20,000 ounces of California gold have thus afforded 21 ounces of iridium.

JAULINGITE, Zepharovich. Akad. Wiss. Wien, May, 1855.-Announced as a new mineral resin from the lignite of Jauling. It is in rounded massess in the trunk of a species of pine imbedded in a bed of lignite two feet thick. According to M. Ragsky, the resin consists of two kinds of resins distinct in composition and other particulars.

JUNKERITE [p. 446]-Kenngott confirms the conclusion that Junkerite is Spathic Iron. (Min. Not., No. 14.)

KYANITE [p. 263].-Analysis of Kyanite from Wermland, by J. Igelström: (J. f. pr. Chem., lxiv, 61, from Oefv. Ak. Förh., 1854, p, 66):

Si 40·02,

Al 58:46,

Fe 2:04.

G.=3'48.

LAZULITE [p. 404).-Analysis of Lazulite occurring with Svanbergite (see beyond), by Igelström (loc. cit.):

LEUCOPHANE [p. 182].-R. P. Greg. Esq., in Phil. Mag. for July, 1855, p. 510, describes and figures a large crystal of Leucophane. Calling O the basal plane, I, I', the left and right lateral planes of the prism, 0: I or I' is 90°, I: I′ 90°—93° (91° 3′, Brooke and Miller). There is also a plane d on the left basal edge, e ou the right, and f on an angle between; 0:d=118° 30', I: d=154°, 0:e=117°, I' : e=151°, 0:ƒ=126°-126° 25', I: f=124°, l' ;f=128° 30'. There is also another plane (m-a) on the angle between 0 and I', giving 0:g=140° 30', I':g=126° 30′, 1: g=101° 30'. Descloizeaux has shown that the crystal gives two systems of rings, when examined with polarized light perpendicular to O, exactly like topaz. Like topaz it also has cleavage parallel to O, but also two other cleavages, one parallel to f, and another to the vertical diagonal plane in the same zone; the cleavages O and ƒ are inclined at 126°, and O and the diagonal at 90°.

[As the prism is right, 0:d and I: d should together make 270°, and so also 0:e and I'e. A discrepancy above of 2° to 240, shows the allowance which is to be made for imperfect measurements on account of want of smoothness in the planes. Admitting this, we may regard the prism as a trimetric rhombic prism, with 1: I' about 91°. d, e, will then be planes of the same octahedron, and ƒ, a macrodome. The form is hence near Andalusite or Eschynite. If d, e, are the octahedron 2, 0:2=118° (nearly), O: 21=126° 25', I: I=91°. 0:1 by calculation is 145° 52', while it is 144° 33' in Andalusite, 145° 58' in Eschynite, and in Natrolite 144° 23. 0:2, by calculation 117° 49'. The plane g (m-n) appears to be hemihedral; but the other on the same angle may be suppressed only by distortion, not by true hemihedrism. The cleavages O, f, and the diagonal, are the same as cited in the Mineralogy; the angle 126° 25' being the supplement nearly of 534, and 364 the supplement of the inclination of ƒ on the diagonal plane (ii).—J. D. D.]

LIMONITE [p. 131]-Analysis of ore from near the mouth of Niangua, Missouri, by Dr. Litton (Rep. Geol. Mo., 1855), Fe 83-27, H 1111, Al 108, Si 4:36. From half a mile west of Warsaw (ib.) Fe 88-85, H 1001, Al 0.87, Si 2·11, S 1·05=102·89. From near Buffalo (ib.) Fe 84-80, H 1162, Al 064, Si 2-88, S 0·12-100-06.

Loc. in California, Am. J. Sci., [2], xx, 81; Phoenixville, Pa., ib., xx, 250. MAGNESITE (p. 4411.-Bolton, Lower Canada, T. S. Hunt, Am. J. Sci., xix, 429.