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THE SURRENDER.

"HEAD-QUARTERS ARMY OF NORTHERN VIRGINIA, 9, 1865.

"Lieutenant General U. S. GRANT, Commanding U. S. A.: "GENERAL:-I have received your letter of this date, containing the terms of surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia, as proposed by you: as they are substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the 8th instant, they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper officers to carry the stipulations into effect

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On Sunday, the 9th day of April, 1865—a date which will ever hereafter be memorable in American annals-in a farm-house near Appomattox Court-House, the capitulation was signed, by which the remnant of the once famous army, so often led by Lee to victory or invasion, passed out of existence. In the ecclesiastical calendar for the year, this Sunday was known as Palm Sunday-the day which commemorates the triumphal entry of Christ into Jerusalem. Hereafter it is destined to be a patriotic as well as a pious anniversary. The result was hailed with unbounded delight by the Union soldiers, and for half an hour or more the air resounded with their cheers, although many expressed their dissatisfaction, not only at the unprecedented liberality granted to the rebels, but at the manner in which they were paroled and allowed to go their way, without our men being permitted to enjoy the results of their long struggle in the passage through the lines of Lee and his army. But it was urged that this would have been hu miliating to General Lee and his officers, and that it was not the wish or desire of the Government or the Union commanders to act toward them in any way that would tend to irritate their feelings, or make their position more intolerable than it actually was. During Sunday night and Monday, large numbers of the rebels, officers as well as privates, made their escape from the lines, and scattered through the woods, many of whom returned at once to their homes. Although Lee probably had upward of fifty thousand men when our forward movement began, not above eighteen thousand, including teamsters, hospital men, and camp-followers of all descriptions, were surrendered by him. As only ten thousand muskets and about thirty pieces of artillery were surrendered, it is fair to presume that the available rebel force on April 9th did not exceed fourteen thousand men. Upward of ten thousand had been killed and wounded in battle, and considerably over twenty thousand had been taken prisoners or had deserted. Our total captures of artillery, during the battles and pursuit, and st the surrender, amounted to one hundred and seventy pieces.

The surrender of Lee was followed by the voluntary surrender of most of the regular troops of the enemy in the Shenandoah. On the 15th, Lieutenant-Colonel Farrell, of Mosby's command, came, under flag of truce, to our picket lines on the Kernstown road, and arranged with General Hancock to surrender the forces of Mosby on the terms accorded to General Lee, his troops being recognized as a part of the Army of Northern Virginia. On the 17th, at noon, Mosby surrendered his forces to General Chapman, at Berryville, receiving the

terms granted to Lee. General Rosser was also permitted to have his command included in the cartel. The exact number of men in Mosby's command did not vary much from seven hundred.

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With the announcement of the fall of Richmond and Petersburg, and the capitulation of Lee, the loyal population of the country surrendered itself to rejoicing, and it seemed as if one universal jubilee was being held. Those who had been from the outset in favor of a vigorous prosecution of the war were not less thankful for the speedy approach of peace than those who had sincerely deprecated hostilities and advocated peace on principle. Both parties had gained their end, and both, disregarding for the time the manner in which it had been gained, were brought into close sympathy. The war party, however, by the very extravagance of its delight, showed how severe had been the effort to remain true to its often avowed purpose of conquering a peace. During the advance movement of Grant, President Lincoln remained at the head-quarters of the latter before Petersburg, a deeply interested spectator of the closing act of the great drama, which had been protracted through four years of varying fortunes. A few miles only separated the two presidents. On Saturday, the 1st of April, was fought the decisive battle of Five Forks; and on the succeeding morning, while Davis was attending service at the Monumental Church in Richmond, an orderly, splashed from head to foot with mire, entered the building, strode hastily up the aisle, and handed him a dispatch from Lee. It announced that all was over, and counselled the rebel chief to take his immediate departure from the city. A few hours later found Davis a fugitive on his way to Danville, leaving behind him the capital he had so frequently boasted his ability to hold against the utmost power of the Union, and two days afterwards, Mr. Lincoln entered Richmond in triumph, amid the acclamations of thousands, and held a levee in the rebel presidential mansion. This incident formed a significant and fitting close to the great campaign against Richmond.

CHAPTER LXXVI.

Raids in Kentucky and East Tennessee.-Defeat and Death of Morgan.-Successes of Stoneman and Burbridge.-Destruction of Works at Saltville.-Stoneman's Last Raid.-Capture of Salisbury.-Negotiations between Sherman and Johnston.--Agreement for Surrender by Johnston disavowed at Washington.-Reasons Assigned.Final Surrender of Johnston.--Wilson's great Raid in Alabama and Georgia.-Capture of Selma, Montgomery, and Macon.--Exchanges of Prisoners.-Cruel Treatment by Rebels of Union Prisoners.-Horrors of Andersonville.-Rebel Plots in Canada. —The St. Albans Raid.—Execution of Beall and Kennedy.—Attempts to Fire American Cities and Introduce Pestilence.

Ir is now necessary to go back a few months, and notice briefly several events which had an indirect, though not unimportant, bearing on the grand result related in the previous chapter. It had long been a favorite theory with many experienced military men, that, in the

event of disaster before Richmond, Lee would retire with his army into Southwestern Virginia, and thence pass into East and Middle Tennessee, where the remaining forces of the Confederacy would be concentrated. He would then be in a position to threaten Chattanooga, Nashville, or Louisville, and it was predicted that the decisive battle of the war would be fought somewhere in Tennessee. Accordingly, as long as the rebels kept any considerable force in East Tennessee, which forms the doorway to the Valley of the Mississippi, a Union army of corresponding strength was retained there. Knoxville was rendered doubly strong, and outlaying bodies of infantry and cavalry were pushed well up the railroad and the Holston River Valley, towards the Virginia line. But by May, 1864, both sides were so much occupied with the great Richmond and Atlanta campaigns, that affairs in East Tennessee lost nearly all their interest. Nevertheless, the presence of scattered bodies of irregular rebel cavalry in Southwestern Virginia proved a source of constant alarm to the comparatively unprotected inhabitants of Eastern Kentucky. Darting unexpectedly through the gaps of the Cumberland Mountains, these rough riders would occasionally fall upon some isolated post, capture its garrison, and, after killing, burning, and robbing through the adjoining country, would be back in their mountain fastnesses before pursuit could overtake them. Early in June, 1864, the noted guerrilla chief, John Morgan, entered Kentucky through Pound Gap, at the head of two thousand five hundred mounted men, and pushed directly towards Lexington, plundering and destroying on the way, and spreading conster nation on every side. On the 8th, Paris was captured and plundered by a portion of his forces. The next day, however, General Burbridge, who had been on Morgan's track from Virginia, came up with him near Mount Sterling, having marched ninety miles in twenty-four hours, and defeated him. By mounting his troopers on stolen horses, Morgan got rapidly away from Burbridge, and on the 10th entered Lexington, where he burned the railroad station, and plundered the stores and private dwellings. The Union garrison, however, held the fort. Thence he proceeded to Cynthiana, attacked and defeated two Ohio regiments under General Hobson, and captured the entire force, besides burning a considerable portion of the town. On the 12th, Burbridge, following hard on Morgan's traces, overtook him at Cynthiana, and attacked him at daylight. After an hour's hard fighting, the enemy were completely routed, losing three hundred killed, about as many wounded, nearly four hundred prisoners, and one thousand horses. Burbridge also recaptured one hundred of Hobson's men. The total Union loss did not exceed one hundred and fifty. A few days later, Hobson and his staff were recaptured. By this defeat, the enemy were so completely broken up and demoralized, that they were glad to make their escape, in small scattered parties, into Virginia.

Morgan subsequently rallied the remnant of his force, but for some time no enterprise of consequence was undertaken by either side. The restless guerrilla could not, however, remain long unoccupied, and by the beginning of September his band was again in motion, with the view of striking at the town of Greenville, East Tennessee, on the

line of railroad connecting Lynchburg with Knoxville. He occupied the place on September 3d, and on the same night was surprised and killed by a Union force, under General Gillem, which had made a forced march thither from Bull Gap, sixteen miles distant. The death of Morgan* was followed by another comparative cessation of hostilities in East Tennessee, both sides merely watching each other. Public attention at that time was concentrated on the operations around Atlanta. About the 1st of October, however, an attempt was made by General Burbridge to capture Saltville, in Southwestern Virginia, and destroy the large salt-works there, which were of great importance to the rebels. He found himself confronted by a superior force under Breckinridge, who had been placed in command of the rebel troops in that quarter, and after pushing the enemy inside of his defensive works, was compelled, through the failure of his ammunition, to retire, with the loss of three hundred and fifty men.

On October 28th, Gillem suddenly attacked the rebel brigades of Vaughan and Palmer, at Morristown, near Bull Gap, defeating them with a loss of three or four hundred men, and four pieces of artillery. Soon after this affair, Breckinridge, re-enforced by the return of ab sentees and the arrival of new recruits, attacked Gillem on the night of the 13th, near Bull Gap, and defeated him. Our cavalry gave way in the greatest confusion, a large number throwing away their arms in their flight. Gillem lost all his artillery (one battery), and his trains and baggage. Owing to the darkness his casualties were small, two hundred and twenty being the total reported. Subsequently, Gillem retreated to Knoxville, where he arrived on the 20th. The repulse of Gillem excited some apprehension for the safety of Eastern Kentucky, and Burbridge began to concentrate troops beyond Lexington. Breckinridge assumed the air of a conqueror in East Tennessee, issu

John H. Morgan was born near Lexington, Kentucky, about 1827. He served in the Mexican war first as private, then as second lieutenant in a regiment of Kentucky volunteers, and subse quently was engaged a number of years in the manufacture of domestic goods. In the fall of 1861 he declared for secession, and raised an independent company of mounted men, which, in the succeeding spring, had increased to a regiment. He was now commissioned a colonel in the rebel service, and, after the commencement of military operations in Tennessee, in 1862, showed so much activity in harassing the Union rear, cutting off trains, and interrupting railroad and telegraphic communication, that he became the terror of the country through which he raided. The stories of his exploits at this time savored more of romance than reality. On May 5th he was surprised and routed at Lebanon, Tennessee, by General Dumont, and in consequence took refuge for a while in East Tennessee, where he recruited his force. In July and August he was particularly active in independent raids against Union outposts. During the invasion of Kentucky by Bragg, his command was attached to the rebel army, and helped to cover the retreat, but soon afterwards resumed the irregular warfare most congenial to his tastes. About this time he made a dash into Huntsville, capturing a number of prisoners. In April, 1863, he was again surprised, and barely effected his escape. In the lat ter part of June, at the head of four thousand

mounted men, and a battery of horse artillery, he crossed the Cumberland River, at Burksville, and passing through Lebanon and Bardstown, reached Brandenburg, on the Ohio, on July 7th. Seizing a couple of steamboats, he transported his men across the river, and started on a raid through Southern Indiana and Ohio. At first the unarmed population, taken completely by surprise, could offer little resistance, but as the bold raider advanced, home guards and national troops began to environ his path, until finally it became necessary to make good his escape into Kentucky. He moved towards Pomeroy, on the Ohio, with that object, but was foiled in his attempt to ford the river, by the opportune arrival of Union gunboats, sent to head him off. On the 21st his force, already greatly depleted by skirmishing and captures, was routed by General Hobson, near Kyger's Creek. Morgan, with five hundred men, succeeded in escaping; but, on the 26th, this remnant was surrounded and captured near New Lisbon, Ohio, by Colonel Shackleford. In retaliation for the barbarous treatment of Colonel Streight, who was captured by the rebels while on a raid through Northern Georgia, Morgan was confined in the Ohio penitentiary, whence, in the succeeding December, he succeeded in escaping. Early in January, 1864, he repaired to Richmond, was promoted to be a major-general, and received a command in Southwestern Virginia. The remainder of his career is narrated in the text.

ing a proclamation granting protection to all who might wish to lay down their arms and become peaceable and quiet citizens. His appointment to the command in this part of the country was identical, it will be remembered, with the invasion of Tennessee by Hood, and it was expected by the rebel authorities that the two generals would form a junction somewhere between Knoxville and Nashville. Had this been effected, serious consequences might have ensued, and the consummation of the well-laid plans for the overthrow of the rebel power been delayed, or possibly prevented.

With a view of stopping the progress of Breckinridge, General Stoneman was early in December appointed to command in East TenOn the 10th he left Knoxville with three cavalry brigades, under Burbridge and Gillem, and moved with great rapidity upon Bristol, one hundred and thirty miles from Knoxville, where he arrived on the 14th, having severed communication between the rebel brigades of Vaughan and Duke, and left the former far in the rear. At Bristol, three hundred prisoners and several railroad trains laden with supplies were captured. Fifteen miles more brought the command to Abing don, where many supplies and quartermaster and ordnance stores were destroyed. By very heavy forced marching, Vaughan had succeeded in getting on the pike to the left of Bristol. One of our columns had preceded him, and burned the dépôts at Marion and Thomas's Furnace, but had then turned off to the right. Vaughan, on reaching Marion, set his brigade at work intrenching; but in a few hours, Gillem, who had pursued in a hard march of twenty-nine miles, came upon him, attacked him instantly, and, after a very hot and hard fight, drove him back to Wytheville, thirty miles, killing twenty men, wounding a proportionate number, and capturing three hundred and nine prisoners, and eight pieces of artillery. This running fight was conducted with the greatest vigor. Vaughan was attacked once more fifteen miles east of Wytheville at the great lead mines, the most important works of the kind in the Confederacy, where our forces destroyed ail the buildings and machinery. Up to this time, Gillem had captured, besides what has been recorded, several extra caissons, with large quantities of pack-saddles, ammunition, wagons, and other property, worth over a million of dollars. A large wagon train was captured at Wytheville. Our forces remained in Wytheville but a few hours, and then retired towards Seven-Mile Ford, one hundred and sixty-seven miles from Knoxville. Gillem, however, pushed on to Max Meadows, destroying railroad bridges and tracks, and other species of public prop erty to a large amount.

Meanwhile, Burbridge's forces, retiring from Wytheville, were encountered near Marion and repulsed by Breckinridge, who had moved his troops out from Saltville for that purpose on hearing of our withdrawal from Wytheville. But, fortunately, Gillem came up with his brigade, on returning from Max Meadows, just as our troops were giving way, restored the fortunes of the day, captured eleven pieces of artillery, two hundred prisoners, one hundred and fifty negroes, and ninety-three wagons, and Breckinridge's own head-quarters, and drove that general back on Mount Airy. The whole action of the 18th at

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