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Cæsar, and others, he gives an account of their fortunes during and after the Second Punic War, and shows the assistance they rendered both to the Romans and the Carthaginians. The article is as usual full of research, and abundantly instructive. -M. Nettlau continues his transcript of the fragment of the Bain Có Cuailnge from the Egerton MS.-M. Dottin gives an account of a valuable Irish MS. preserved in the Municipal Library at Rennes. It originally formed part of the Library Christopher-Paul de Robien, Viscount de Plaintel, which contained more than 4,300 volumes, of which 62 were manuscript, and came into the possession of the Municipality during the Revolution. The MS. in question was examined by the celebrated Irish scholar, Dr. James H. Todd, in 1867, who afterwards described it in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (Vol. I., 66-81). The contents are for the most part religious, such as homilies, theological treatises, and collection of sentences from the Fathers. There are also lives, or fragments of lives of SS. Bridget, Brendan, and Colman, and a collection of legends in prose and verse on the geographical names of Ireland; also an Irish version of the Voyages of Sir John Mandeville.-The 'Melanges' is unusually full and interesting. M. Loth has some valuable notes on a number of Celtic words, and on Godfrey of Monmouth and the Book of Landaff.-M. S. Reinach contributes a note on the Cassiterides. -In the Bibliographie, Dr. Kuno Meyer returns again to Mr. O'Grady's Silva Gadelica;' this time with a still heavier list of corrections.-The Chronique contains, among many other things, a brief but highly appreciative notice of the Rev. F. E. Warren's recently published Antiphonary of Bangor,' according to the Milanese MS.

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REVUE DES DEUX MONDES (January, February).—In the number bearing date of the 11th of January, the opening article is a section of the late M. Renan's History of the Jews.' It deals with the Jews under the Roman dominion. In reality, it is a sketch of the reign of Herod, of whom a very vigorous, but by no means flattering portrait is given, but, to the list of whose crimes M. Renan does not add that of having wished to kill the child Jesus. According to him, Jesus was not born when Herod died.-M. Arthur Desjardins contributes a valuable paper entitled 'Socialism and Liberty.' It is closely reasoned, and most suggestive. Its leading idea is that socialism is really antagonistic to political liberty.-From M. Augustin Filon there is an article on the House of Lords. It is interesting as giving the views of an intelligent and wellinformed foreigner, and M. Filon's opinion is that Mr. Glad

stone has renewed the youth of the House of Lords.-In continuation of his West Indian Sketches, M. de Varigny gives an account of life and manners in Cuba and Puerto Rico. In this and the next number, M. Maurice Bigeon has a literary essay on the works of three Scandinavian novelists, Jonas Lie, Herman Bang, and Arne Garborg. In the mid-monthly number, M. Gaston Boissier re-appears with one of his interesting and scholarly antiquarian and classical studies. On the present occasion he describes Africa as it was under Roman rule. The study is continued in the number for the 15th February, where a particularly valuable account of Carthage will be found.—An interesting question, that of 'Anachronism in Art,' is discussed by M. Robert de La Sizeranne.-The first of February brings a long article, headed, 'Armed Peace and its Consequences.' The anonymous author, with considerable force and earnestness, shows that the immense armaments of Europe must have one of two results. They must either lead to a disastrous war, of which the horrors and the consequences would be unparalleled in history, or they must in the long run, ruin the nations which maintain them. His own opinion seems to incline to the former of these eventualities. In the same number there is also an exceedingly able and impartial literary essay on Tocqueville. It bears the signature of M. Emile Faguet, a name which in itself affords a guarantee of excellence both as regards matter and manner.-A sketch of Germany, as M. Michelet saw it in 1842, and an article on castes in India also afford interesting but not engrossing reading.In the last of the numbers before us the contribution which first attracts attention is the article on which M. Leclerc deals with education in England. It is chiefly notable for the contrast which it draws between the French and English systems, and the preference which, on the whole, he shows for the latter. Most of the other articles are continued from former numbers, the exceptions being a philosophical paper by M. Fouillée, on character and intellect, and an account by M. Joseph Bédier of the work of the Old French Text Society.

REVUE PHILOSOPHIQUE (February, March).—The first of these two numbers contains only two original papers. One of them, contributed by Dr. P. Janet, gives, under the title, 'Histoire d'une idée fixe,' a long, detailed, and thorough history of a case in which the patient was possessed by a fixed idea-the dread of cholera. The other shows how the wellknown law of inertia applies to psychological no less than to physical phenomena.-The 'Revue Générale,' which is a long article, extending over 25 pages, deals with a number of re

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cent works on the history and philosophy of religion. Amongst them may be noticed Professor Caird's The Evolution of Religion, and Professor Huxley's 'Science and Religion.' The writer is M. Maurice Vernes.-The second number opens with a paper headed, 'Researches on the Relations between Sensitiveness and Emotion.' The result arrived at by the writer is that, it is in the cortical vaso-motor centre, a centre not yet determined, but which must be situated in the vicinity of the sensorial centres, and be in relation with the central ganglions, that the phenomenon of emotion is elaborated.-The question of Moral Sanction' is discussed in a long article bearing the signature of M. F. Paulham, whose study is not, however, concluded in the present part.-The 'Revue Critique' considers two new works on Descartes.

L'ART (February, March).-The most important contribution to the February part is M. Foucart's sketch of the early years of Pater, the pupil of Watteau, an artist who is perhaps best known in connection with his illustrations of Scarron's Roman Comique,' and of La Fontaine's Contes.'-There is also an exceedingly able study of the works of Raffet, the wellknown painter, who devoted his genius almost exclusively to the illustration of the exploits of the French army.-The midmonthly number deals with early Scandinavian Art.-A short paper on 'Théodore Chasséviau,' and various artistic and dramatic letters make up the remaining contents.-The first of the two numbers for March has a well-illustrated paper on Japanese art. Its chief item, however, is an article on William Jacob Delff,' in illustration of which over a dozen excellent reproductions of portraits engraved by him, after paintings by Mierevelt, are given.-The remaining number is chiefly made up of short and rather scrappy papers, readable enough, but of no special interest.

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LE MONDE LATIN ET LE MONDE SLAVE (February, March).Exclusively of the various courriers,' or letters, which make up a good half of each number, this review has only two articles and a serial, all continued from one number to the other. Of the articles, that on Tolstoï is of considerable interest; it is well written, and contains a very impartial appreciation of the Russian writer's works.-The other contribution is devoted to some of the most brilliant of Napoleon's cavalry officers.

REVUE DES ETUDES JUIVES (No. 4, 1893).-The first place is given here to the continuation of the late M. Loeb's treatise on the emancipation of the Jews from the political and civic

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disabilities under which they so long lay in every country in Europe. The title of the article gives however no indication of the nature of its contents. It is merely headed Reflexions sur les Juifs.' This section of the treatise is wholly historical. It goes over the various countries in Europe, and the independent States within some of these, and describes the various movements that finally led up to the complete or partial emancipation of the Jewish communities residing within their bounds. It is a curious and interesting history, and M. Loeb was at great pains to make his account of it as full and precise as possible. The causes that initiated most of the movements are here traced, and the results of them, where they were wholly or only in part successful, are set forth. Only in two countries was complete emancipation conceded all at once, viz., in Holland and in France. In all other countries compromises of various kinds were adopted; certain concessions were made, to be withdrawn shortly afterwards, or to be followed by still larger concessions until, as in England, every legal disability was removed. M. Loeb convincingly shows that the emancipation of the Jews everywhere was not only deserved by the Jews in the various lands of their adoption, but has proved of the greatest advantage to these latter in every way. Most of the articles that follow are of much less general interest, though historically valuable, or of importance to those deeply versed in Rabbinic lore. We may mention the titles of them here, in order to give what space we have at our disposal, to the article that stands at the end of this number, and which is more likely to attract general attention. 'L'Affaire Bourgeois, 1652,' by M. Israël Levi; 'Jacob Mantini,' continued from last number, by M. D. Kaufmann; 'Gloses romanes dans des écrits rabbiniques,' by M. Immanuel Loew; 'Influence de Raschi et d'autres commentateurs juifs sur les Postilla perpetuæ de Nicolas de Lyre,' by M. Neumann; 'Les troupes de Maréchal de Belle-Isle et les Juifs du ComtatVenaissin,' by M. J. Bauer. Under Notes et Mélanges,' come shorter papers on 'L'emploi du lamed en araméen biblique devant le complément direct,' by M. M. Lambert; and 'Saadia et Hiwi Albalchi,' by M. Kaufmann.-The article which closes this number, and appears under Actes et Conférences,' is a Lecture delivered by M. Jean Réville before the Société des Etudes Juives, on November 23rd, 1893. It is entitled 'La Resurrection d'une Apocalypse-Le Livre d'Hénoch.' Réville here first differentiates an apocalypse from all the other literature that comes under the title of Revelation, and regards those preserved to us as of very exceptional value, as disclosing the circumstances of the times in which they were

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produced, and the dreams and hopes cherished by at least a large class of the thinkers and spiritual leaders among the Jewish, or Jewish-Christian people. 'Apocalypses,' he says, are for us valuable testimonies of the past, not of a past indifferent to us, or which does not affect us, but of a past in which the roots of all that is best in your faith and mine, of all which is most near, living and sacred in our moral being, were rooted -of a past with which are most directly connected our faith and our loftiest hopes.'-M. J. Réville spiritedly defends the writers of these apocalypses from the charge of falsehood, in our modern sense of the term, because they attributed their works to the revered heroes of a hoary antiquity, or to men to whom tradition assigned conspicuous virtues in times of trouble. The truth of which they were assured and which they longed to communicate was in their eyes everything. They themselves were not of the slightest importance. them the message alone was of importance, and their one allabsorbing aim was to get that message listened to, and its counsel and comfort accepted. And M. Réville dryly adds, 'We know more than one of our contemporaries who would never write a line under such conditions, because the only interesting thing to them in what they write is that it is written by themselves.' Coming to the Apocalypse of Enoch, he shows the repute Enoch enjoyed in the legendary lore of the Hebrews, and how natural it therefore was that the authors of such visions should fix on him, and put their works forward as his. Many did this and several of their works have, because bearing his name, been combined to form the one that has been preserved to us. They were written originally in the Hebrew, or in the more popular Aramaic, but were speedily translated into Greek, and in the Greek tongue had a wide circulation. That version, as well as the original, in the course of time disappeared, and the work in any form was long thought to have been lost for ever. Two copies of the Apocalypse, however, in the Ethiopic tongue were found by Mr. Bruce, the Scottish traveller, in 1773, in Abyssinia, and M. Réville here details the history of the discoveries and translations of the work since, culminating in that of 1886-87 of a part of the Greek text in a tomb at Akhmîn. He then gives a summary of the contents of the Apocalypse itself, and a critical appreciation of its importance, as showing the currents of thought prevailing in the Jewish community prior to the birth of Christianity.

REVUE SEMITIQUE D'EPIGRAPHIE ET D'HISTOIRE ANCIENNE. (No. 1, 1894).—M. J. Halévy continues here his 'Notes pour

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