FRANCE.

REVUE DE L'HISTOIRE DES RELIGIONS (No 6, 1893.)-M. A. Barth's Bulletin des Religions de l'Inde' is continued in this number, and occupies the first place. The publications here summarised and critically judged are those recently issued dealing with Buddhism. The list of such publications-books and magazine articles of considerable merit-is a very large one, and is indicative of the wide interest taken in this religion and its history, and of the number of scholars of various countries who are contributing to advance our knowledge both of the religion itself and of the influences it has exercised, or is said to have exercised, on the intellectual life of both east and west. M. Barth's Bulletins' are extremely serviceable as guides to all who are engaged in such studies, for they not only bring together the titles of the works published, but give us a critical appreciation of them by one who by his special knowledge of the subject is admirably fitted to speak with authority. Another 'Bulletin ' appears in this number also. It is M. Pierre Paris' Bulletin archéologique de la Religion Grecque, a summary of the work effected by the various archaeological societies engaged in excavations and researches on the classic ground of Hellas, and of the publications in which these are chronicled, or the results described. Dr. Albert Réville contributes the first part of an article les Hérodes et le rêve Hérodien.' This first part is taken up with a sketch of the events which led to the intrusion of Antipater into the political affairs of Judæa, and then of the steps taken by Herod to secure and aggrandise his position in the State. The dream which fired his brain, and which he kept steadily before him, though unrevealed to any, Dr. Réville thinks, was the mastery of Rome itself, and our author proposes to establish this by a series of cumulative evidences drawn from what we know of the man and his history.-M. G. Bonet-Maury, one of the French representatives at, or deputies to, the 'Parliament of Religions' at the recent World's Fair at Chicago, continues here his descriptive summary of the papers read, and the debates which followed these. His report is concluded here, and furnishes us with an excellent resumé of the proceedings, and a modest forecast of the probable results of such a new departure in religious policy as that enterprise was.-M. Philippe Berger, the successor of M. E. Renan in the Chair of Hebrew and Oriental Languages at the Collège de France, has put his opening lecture at his installation to office at the service of the editor of this Revue. In this lecture he not only pays an eloquent tribute of homage to his predecessor, but gives an extremely interesting history of the Chair itself, and its varied fortunes

since it was instituted by François I. in 1530, up to the present hour. The burden of the lecture is, however, M. Renan himself, his literary life and labours, and will be read with almost as much pleasure by students of his works as it was listened to by those who had studied under him in his class room, or were in the circle of his familiar friends, and who were present on that occasion to pay respect to his memory, and welcome one as his successor so fitted by scholarship and sympathy, to carry on his work in the same spirit and with almost equal devotion, as M. Berger is. M. Berger has been Professor of Hebrew at the Faculté de Theologie, in Paris, for the last sixteen years, and his monumental Histoire de l'écriture dans l'antiquité' placed him recently in the first rank of European philologists and orientalists. REVUE DES RELIGIONS (No. 1, 1894.)-Apart from the always full and cosmopolitan Chronique,' which is an interesting and distinguishing feature of this Revue, there are only two articles in this number, one, the first of a series to be devoted to the history and exposition of Mohammedanism, and the other a continuation of Dr. Peisson's dissertations on Chinese religions and sacred books. The first of these two articles is anonymous. Its author is described asun Professeur de Grand Séminaire.' The section of the series that appears here is of a purely introductory character. We have first a description of the country in which Mahommedanism took its rise, its mountains and valleys, its deserts and pasture grounds, its climate, the races that inhabit it, its vegetation and general products. The second part is taken up with an historical résumé of the Semitic race and character, and then of the Arabs in particular, to whom Islam first addressed itself. Here we have described to us the social condition, customs, and political constitutions under which the Arab clans lived, and live; their intellectual status weighed, and their tastes and pursuits detailed. In the second article Dr. Peissen treats of Confucianism, dealing with the opinions formed of it by missionaries and cultured visitors, or residents, and by philosophic students who have turned their attention to it. The outlines of the system are then sketched and its leading doctrines examined and tested in the light of modern, and especially of Catholic ideas.

REVUE CELTIQUE (Janvier, 1894).-The first place is deservedly given to the continuation of the series of articles begun in the previous number by M. D'Arbois de Jubainville, on the Celts in Spain.' Here, besides identifying many of the places they inhabited, by means of the local names still in use, and numerous passages occurring in Ptolemy, Appian, Strabo,

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Cæsar, and others, he gives an account of their fortunes during and after the Second Punic War, and shows the assistance they rendered both to the Romans and the Carthaginians. The article is as usual full of research, and abundantly instructive. -M. Nettlau continues his transcript of the fragment of the Bain Có Cuailnge from the Egerton MS.-M. Dottin gives an account of a valuable Irish MS. preserved in the Municipal Library at Rennes. It originally formed part of the Library Christopher-Paul de Robien, Viscount de Plaintel, which contained more than 4,300 volumes, of which 62 were manuscript, and came into the possession of the Municipality during the Revolution. The MS. in question was examined by the celebrated Irish scholar, Dr. James H. Todd, in 1867, who afterwards described it in the Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (Vol. I., 66-81). The contents are for the most part religious, such as homilies, theological treatises, and collection of sentences from the Fathers. There are also lives, or fragments of lives of SS. Bridget, Brendan, and Colman, and a collection of legends in prose and verse on the geographical names of Ireland; also an Irish version of the Voyages of Sir John Mandeville.—The 'Melanges' is unusually full and interesting. M. Loth has some valuable notes on a number of Celtic words, and on Godfrey of Monmouth and the Book of Landaff.-M. S. Reinach contributes a note on the Cassiterides. -In the Bibliographie, Dr. Kuno Meyer returns again to Mr. O'Grady's Silva Gadelica;' this time with a still heavier list of corrections.-The Chronique contains, among many other things, a brief but highly appreciative notice of the Rev. F. E. Warren's recently published Antiphonary of Bangor,' according to the Milanese MS.

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REVUE DES DEUX MONDES (January, February).-In the number bearing date of the 11th of January, the opening article is a section of the late M. Renan's History of the Jews.' It deals with the Jews under the Roman dominion. In reality, it is a sketch of the reign of Herod, of whom a very vigorous, but by no means flattering portrait is given, but, to the list of whose crimes M. Renan does not add that of having wished to kill the child Jesus. According to him, Jesus was not born when Herod died.-M. Arthur Desjardins contributes a valuable paper entitled 'Socialism and Liberty.' It is closely reasoned, and most suggestive. Its leading idea is that socialism is really antagonistic to political liberty.-From M. Augustin Filon there is an article on the House of Lords. It is interesting as giving the views of an intelligent and wellinformed foreigner, and M. Filon's opinion is that Mr. Glad

stone has renewed the youth of the House of Lords.-In continuation of his West Indian Sketches, M. de Varigny gives an account of life and manners in Cuba and Puerto Rico.-In this and the next number, M. Maurice Bigeon has a literary essay on the works of three Scandinavian novelists, Jonas Lie, Herman Bang, and Arne Garborg. In the mid-monthly number, M. Gaston Boissier re-appears with one of his interesting and scholarly antiquarian and classical studies. On the present occasion he describes Africa as it was under Roman rule. The study is continued in the number for the 15th February, where a particularly valuable account of Carthage will be found.-An interesting question, that of 'Anachronism in Art,' is discussed by M. Robert de La Sizeranne.-The first of February brings a long article, headed, 'Armed Peace and its Consequences.' The anonymous author, with considerable force and earnestness, shows that the immense armaments of Europe must have one of two results. They must either lead to a disastrous war, of which the horrors and the consequences would be unparalleled in history, or they must in the long run, ruin the nations which maintain them. His own opinion seems to incline to the former of these eventualities. In the same number there is also an exceedingly able and impartial literary essay on Tocqueville. It bears the signature of M. Emile Faguet, a name which in itself affords a guarantee of excellence both as regards matter and manner.-A sketch of Germany, as M. Michelet saw it in 1842, and an article on castes in India also afford interesting but not engrossing reading.In the last of the numbers before us the contribution which first attracts attention is the article on which M. Leclerc deals with education in England. It is chiefly notable for the contrast which it draws between the French and English systems, and the preference which, on the whole, he shows for the latter. Most of the other articles are continued from former numbers, the exceptions being a philosophical paper by M. Fouillée, on character and intellect, and an account by M. Joseph Bédier of the work of the Old French Text Society.

REVUE PHILOSOPHIQUE (February, March).-The first of these two numbers contains only two original papers. One of them, contributed by Dr. P. Janet, gives, under the title, 'Histoire d'une idée fixe,' a long, detailed, and thorough history of a case in which the patient was possessed by a fixed idea-the dread of cholera. The other shows how the wellknown law of inertia applies to psychological no less than to physical phenomena.-The Revue Générale,' which is a long article, extending over 25 pages, deals with a number of re

cent works on the history and philosophy of religion. Amongst them may be noticed Professor Caird's The Evolution of Religion, and Professor Huxley's 'Science and Religion.' The writer is M. Maurice Vernes.-The second number opens with a paper headed, 'Researches on the Relations between Sensitiveness and Emotion.' The result arrived at by the writer is that, it is in the cortical vaso-motor centre, a centre not yet determined, but which must be situated in the vicinity of the sensorial centres, and be in relation with the central ganglions, that the phenomenon of emotion is elaborated. The question of Moral Sanction' is discussed in a long article bearing the signature of M. F. Paulham, whose study is not, however, concluded in the present part.-The 'Revue Critique' considers two new works on Descartes.

L'ART (February, March).—The most important contribution to the February part is M. Foucart's sketch of the early years of Pater, the pupil of Watteau, an artist who is perhaps best known in connection with his illustrations of Scarron's Roman Comique,' and of La Fontaine's 'Contes.'—There is also an exceedingly able study of the works of Raffet, the wellknown painter, who devoted his genius almost exclusively to the illustration of the exploits of the French army.-The midmonthly number deals with early Scandinavian Art.—A short paper on Théodore Chasséviau,' and various artistic and dramatic letters make up the remaining contents.-The first of the two numbers for March has a well-illustrated paper on Japanese art. Its chief item, however, is an article on William Jacob Delff,' in illustration of which over a dozen excellent reproductions of portraits engraved by him, after paintings by Mierevelt, are given.-The remaining number is chiefly made up of short and rather scrappy papers, readable enough, but of no special interest.

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LE MONDE LATIN ET LE MONDE SLAVE (February, March).— Exclusively of the various courriers,' or letters, which make up a good half of each number, this review has only two articles and a serial, all continued from one number to the other. Of the articles, that on Tolstoï is of considerable interest; it is well written, and contains a very impartial appreciation of the Russian writer's works.-The other contribution is devoted to some of the most brilliant of Napoleon's cavalry officers.

REVUE DES ETUDES JUIVES (No. 4, 1893).-The first place is given here to the continuation of the late M. Loeb's treatise on the emancipation of the Jews from the political and civic