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546. The indemnity demanded by the Germans was 5,000,000,000 francs.

547. The retreat of Napoleon from Moscow in 1812.

548. A soldiers' home founded by Louis XIV in 1674. It now contains the remains of Napoleon I.

549. The Avenue de la Grande-Armée and the Champs-Elysées.

550. The leader of the celebrated French cuirassiers in the battle of Waterloo.

551. "Mine foremen."

552. "Miners' homes."

553. Miners from Borinage (Hainaut), Belgium, where there are vast coal deposits.

554. Russian nihilist working in the mine, who conceived the plan of blowing up the machinery and destroying everything.

555. "Boy who works on the mine railroad."

556. "To roll like a ball."

557. "Soldier with service stripes or chevrons."

558. "Chalky" or "clayey."

559. "To assume a position of defiance."

560. "In prison," a popular expression.

561. "To remain without speaking."

562. "To cut to pieces."

563. "Kicking about."

564. A very fine marble quarried at Carrara, Italy.

565. Parian marble from Paros, an island in the Ægean Sea.

566. City on the east coast of Sicily.

567. Hypatia (370-415) was a philosopher of Alexandria, noted for her beauty as well as for her wisdom. Recognized head of the Neoplatonic school of thought, she was opposed by Cyril, Christian bishop of Alexandria, and was finally murdered by a fanatical Christian mob. 568. i.e., the Greek religion driven out by Christianity.

569. "Pythoness," person having powers of divination.

570. Because she was opposed by and assassinated at the instigation of a Christian priest.

571. Personifying philosophy and beauty.

572. Cf. p. 381, note 564.

573. Cf. Ecclesiastes IX, 4.

574. "Persia."

575. Cf. p. 406, note 597.

576. Effluvium, noxious vapors given off by marshes, etc., used figuratively to describe certain moral influences.

577. "The peasant."

578. The Albigeois were heretics whose center of influence was the city of Albi in Southern France. The atrocities that marked the persecutions to which they were subjected by the Catholics under Simon de

Montfort early in the XIII Century exceeded in horror anything previously known.

579. "Incubus," name given in the superstitious Middle Ages to a male demon which was supposed to haunt women in their sleep and to whose visits the birth of witches and demons was attributed.

580. Passage directed against the Inquisition of the Roman Catholic Church.

581. Mountains in North Central Germany.

582. Cleopatra sailed up the Cydnus to Tarsus in Asia Minor, where she was received with great ceremony by Antony (41 B. C.).

583. This verb is not found in French dictionaries. Heredia probably formed it on the adjective "éployé," meaning "with extended wings."

584. At the death of Alexander the Great, Ptolemy, son of Lagus, received Egypt and founded the Ptolemaic dynasty or the dynasty of the Lagides, of which Cleopatra was the last representative.

585. Probably another form of Praates, king of Parthia, with whom Antony warred in 36 B. C.

586. Roman trumpet.

587. Ancient cities of Lower Egypt of which only ruins remain. 588. Foreshadows the defeat of Antony by Octavian at Actium (31 B. C.).

589. Palos de la Frontera and Moguer were small ports on the river Tinto in Southwestern Spain, where Columbus equipped his expedition and from which he set sail for the New World.

590. Organized brigands that once infested Europe. Columbus was forced to accept all types of men to man his ships.

591. The discovery of Cipangu, Japan, was one of the aims of Columbus.

592. Goddess of flowers.

593. Louis XI (1423-1483).

594. Feodor Dostoiewsky (1822-1881), Russian novelist who has pictured with poignant realism the life of the poor and the horrors of Siberian exile. His greatest work is Crime and Punishment.

595. Most of the writers of the Naturalistic School kept notebooks in which they recorded details and incidents of daily life that might be of use to them in their work.

596. Trismegistus, "thrice great," is an honorific designation of the Egyptian god, Hermes, which Baudelaire transfers to Satan.

597. "Hookah," an oriental pipe having a long flexible tube, the smoke being drawn through water contained in a vessel to which the tube is attached.

598. Perhaps a reminiscence of the promise in the Bible: "And I appoint unto you a kingdom as my Father has appointed unto me; that ye may eat and drink at my table in my kingdom and sit in thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel." Luke XXII, 29-30.

599. Is the poet thinking of the words of Christ: "Behold the fowls of the air, for they sow not, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns; yet your heavenly Father feedeth them"? Matthew VI, 26.

600. "Pipe."

601. i. e., the home of his betrothed.

602. i. e., verses of nine and eleven syllables.

603. "Trait d'esprit," "pun."

604. i. e., rhetoric in the worst sense of the word.

605. A protest against the Parnassians.

606. In the worst sense of the word, artifice as opposed to inspiration. 607. Louis de Fontanes (1757-1821), poet and critique, grand master of the University of Paris (1808-1815). He translated part of Pope's Essay on Man.

608. "Un déjeuner de soleil, se dit d'une étoffe dont la couleur se passe aisément." (Dictionnaire de l'Academie.)

609. Eugene Sue (1804-1857), author of Le Juif errant (1845).

610. Edmond Burke (1728-1797), English orator and statesman celebrated for his opposition to the French Revolution.

611. Pascal: Pensées, no. 72.

612. Cf. p. 353, note 538.

613. La Palice (1470-1525), French captain in whose honor his soldiers composed a song in which these verses occur:

Un quart d'heure avant sa mort,

Il était encore en vie. . . .

Hence, "chanson de La Palisse," a self-evident truth.

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