CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODUCTORY.

Ethnology defined-Races as a power in History-Language the basis

of classification-Why better than physical divisions-Answer to

Agassiz's objection-The evidence of common descent in roots

and grammatical structure-Table of Numerals-Examples of

roots; of grammatical separation-The Basques; the Lithu-

anians; the Turks; the Persians-An advantage that historical

evidence is required-Some apparent exceptions to this classifica-

tion-Explanations-Objection that Ethnology is an incomplete

science; answer

pp. 1-10

PART FIRST.

FIRST HISTORICAL RACES.

CHAPTER II.

THE TURANIANS AND HAMITE S.

The great divisions: Aryan, Semitic, Turanian, Hamitic; explanation

of the names-Characteristics of the Turanian languages: agglu-

tination; integrity of roots; facility in producing new forms,

&c. The first supposed migrations of Turanians in Asia; their

remains in Europe-First historical appearance in Scythian Em-

pire of Babylonia; its date-China-Present extent of the

Turanian family-Their ancient religion-Uncertainty of Tura-

nian classification-Hamitic tribes; relation to Semitic-Probable

origin in Asia-Hamitic traces in Asia.

CHAPTER III.

THE CHRONOLOGY OF EGYPT.

pp. 11-20

Necessity of the investigation-Doubts of the received chronology;
reasons-Sources of evidence on Egyptian Chronology: (1) The

ancient writings; (2) The monuments of contemporaneous events;

(3) The records of Egyptian historians-Value of this evidence;

its weak points-The two schools on this Chronology-The dates

under the different systems-The conclusion uncertain, but in

favour of the presumption of great antiquity-Physical type of

Egyptians; three types-The Hamitic Chaldees-Supposed Ha-

mitic invasions of Asia; Hamitic Empire in Asia; its date-

Second Chaldæan Empire; date-The language; uncertainty-The

Nabathæans-Characteristics of Hamitic civilization

CHAPTER IV.

THE SEMITE S.

pp. 21-31

Their contributions to mankind-Characteristics of their languages-

First historical appearance-Early emigrations-The Semitic area

-The three great branches: Aramaans, Arabians, and Hebrews

-Their territories-Sinaitic inscriptions-African colonies-The

Jews, Canaanites, Phoenicians, and the Hyksos-The Semitic

physical type-Mental characteristics-The three great religions,

Semitic

CHAPTER V.

THE ARYAN S.

pp. 32-37

Indo-European classification - The primitive condition of Aryans

shown by language-Their historical centre-Persian traditions-

Indian-Supposed early migrations-The Vedic hymns-Zend

Avesta Descendants of Indian Aryans-of Persic Aryans-

Dates of early migration-Aryan contributions to History—

Meeting of two branches in modern India

CHAPTER VI.

THE RULING RACES-1300-500 B.C.

pp. 38-42

The Phoenicians-Their commerce and manufacture-The Arabian
dynasty of Babylonia-The Assyrian Empire-Its extent and
culminating point-Its art, Hamitic-The fall of Nineveh-
Second Empire of Babylon-Its end, the end of Semitic greatness
-The Median and Lydian Kingdoms-Opening of a new Aryan
period in the Persian Empire-Cyrus-The taking of Babylon
and the extent of the Empire-Cambyses-Darius-The Minor
Tribes of Asia-The Turanians: Parthians, Moschi, Tibareni,
and others The Semites: Canaanites, Ishmaelites, Cyprians,
Solymi, and others-The Aryans: Carians, Mysians, Hyrcanians,
and others-The Cimmerians, Treves, and Scythians; the race of
the latter; probable explanation—The Græco-Italian race; two

streams; the Pelasgians, origin and characteristics; entire un-

certainty-Geographical considerations in regard to the earliest

countries inhabited

pp. 43-52

PART SECOND.

THE PRIMITIVE RACES OF EUROPE.

CHAPTER VII.

THE TURANIANS.

Turanians-Archæological evidences; the probable migrations; the

physical type; the legends-The Finnish hypothesis-The Basques

-Territory and traits-The Finnish race-The "Ages" of anti-

quaries; value as a classification

CHAPTER VIII.

THE ARYAN RACES OF EUROPE.

pp. 53-58

The Kelts-First historical appearance-Their area and possible mi-

grations-Their appearance in Spain, France, and Italy; exploits

-Greece: Galatia-The Cimbri-The ancient Gaels; the Cymric

Belgians-Keltic characteristics-Physical traits-Remains and

arts-The Britons-Keltic Religions; language--The Cymric and

Gaelic branches-The Etruscans-Probable migrations-Original

abodes; history; race- -The Japygians; abodes and race-The

Italicans; the Latins and Umbrians-Aryan origin-Latin influ-

ences on the world

pp. 59-66

CHAPTER IX.

EARLY TEUTONIC TRIBES.

Teutonic wanderings-Causes of migrations-Earliest probable date-

First historical appearance-Goths-East Goths-Gepida-Van-

dals-Alemanns-Franks-Saxons-Burgundians--Longobards-

Thuringians-Bavarians-Saxons-Teutons after the destruction

of Roman Empire-European races in Charlemagne's era-Teutonic

traits-Influence on the world-Language-Three divisions

CHAPTER X.

THE EARLY SLAVONIANS.

pp. 67-77

Their tenacity-Antes and Sclavens-First historical accounts-West

Slaves-Divisions of dialects-A peaceful race-Holding no

slaves-Traits-THE LITHUANIANS-Estui and Venedi-Resist-

ance to Christianity-Three branches-Language

pp. 78-83

CHAPTER XI.

TURANIAN RACES IN EUROPE.

THE HUNS-Uncertain origin-Invasions-Attila-Khazars-Pechenegs

-Komanes-Avars-Bulgarians-Magyars-Absorption of other

Semitic uprising under Mohammed-Vast conquests-Arabian Empire

-Art and Science-Lack of tempered imagination-THE TURA-

NIANS-Tâtâr only applied to Mongolians-Origin of Turks in the

Hiungnu-The Tukiu-Oighours-Osmanlis-Their conquests—

Mongol Empire-Turkish language-THE MONGOLS-Confusion of

Tâtâr and Turkish-Mongolian type belonging to many peoples-

Mongol Empire-Tamerlane-Poverty of language.

PART FOURTH.

MODERN ETHNOLOGY OF ASIA.

CHAPTER XIII.

THE RACES OF INDIA.

pp. 89-98

Hill-tribes-Turanian type-Mode of life-Customs and institutions

-Difference from Brahmans-Evidences of Turanian origin—

Vindhya and Dekkan tribes-Aryan boundaries-The Bhills-

The Mina-Kôlas-Munda-Pahâria-Khonds-Tamulian type-

The Gonds-Tuluva-Malabars-Tamuls-Telinga-Todar-Ta-

mul-Language-BHOTÎYA races-Differ from Tamulic races-

Physique-Other related tribes-Swamp Tribes-Tibetic lan-

guage-Miris, Karens, and others-TAI tribes-Physique-Aryan

type-Black Aryans-Five Divisions-The Eastern, the Middle

Hindus, the Southern, Western, and Orissa-Colour not decisive

of origin-Effects of climate

pp. 99-113

CHAPTER XIV.

RACES OF CHINA AND COCHIN-CHINA.

Uncertain connection of Chinese with other races-Physique-Lan-

guage-No grammar-Defects in the language-The Mandchus

-Aboriginal tribes-Anamese-JAPAN-The Ainos-Probably

Tungusian-Japanese physique-Turanian peculiarities of lan-

guage-Prof. Pott's objections

pp. 114-121

CHAPTER XV.

THE TIBETANS, TUNGUSIANS, MONGOLS, AND SAMOIEDS.

The Tibetans-Polyandry-Language-Tungusians-Area-Mandchus

-Physique-Different tribes-Tungus of the Amour-THE

MONGOLS Territory-Physique of Kalkas-Mongol tribes-Bu-

riats, Songarians, Kalmucks, and others-Huc's description-

Growth of Mongol language-THE SAMOIEDS-Mode of life-

Divisions of tribes-Physique-Relation to the Finns..

CHAPTER XVI.

TURKISH RACES.

pp. 122-130

Yakuts-Turks of Siberia-Kazan Turks-Kirgis-Turkomans-

Usbecks Nogais-Turkic tribes-Osmanlis-Turkish dialects-

Change of physique probably due to intermarriage.

CHAPTER XVII.

pp. 131-136

RACES OF PERSIA, AFGHANISTAN, AND BILUCHISTAN.

Two divisions of Persian tribes-Tájîks-Persian type-Language—

Iliyahs-Not always a name of race-Gipsies-The Brahui-THE

AFGHANS-Language-Physique-Tribes-Conquest of India-

KURDS Territory-Features-Language Iranian-Yezidis-Dr.

Grant's theory-Resemblances to ancient Assyrians-Probably

Persian-Divisions of tribes-Gradual extinction-NESTORIANS-

Semitic-Probably Aramæan-Nestorian territory-Dr. Grant's

pp. 137-146

theory

CHAPTER XVIII.

RACES OF GEORGIA, THE CAUCASUS, AND ARMENIA.

Mixtures of languages in the Caucasus-Ossetians-Aryan in race-

Turanian tribes-Beauty of Georgians and Circassians-CAU-

CASIAN RACES Lesghians Tsetsh-Circassians-Abassians—

Doubtful race-Population of Caucasian tribes-Political rela-

tions-Religions - Costumes -ARMENIANS-Dispersion-Boun-

daries of Armenia-Of Aryan race-The physique. pp. 147-155

PART FIFTH.

OCEANIC ETHNOGRAPHY.

CHAPTER XIX.

RACES OF OCEANICA.

Uncertainty of race-Two theories-General divisions-Malaisia-
Melanesia, Australia — Micronesia — Polynesia — Determining

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